ࡱ> [^XYZ rbjbj}} u\-%((^  ! ! !8B!! !5##"###K%K%K%4444444$7J:4 K%K%K%K%K%4 ##Of5---K% # #4-K%4--/ 0#/++l/4|505/,:,: 0 0: 1K%K%-K%K%K%K%K%44%-^K%K%K%5K%K%K%K%:K%K%K%K%K%K%K%K%K%( H: CONTROLLING EXECUTIVE POWER FOR ANTI-CORRUPTION IN VIETNAM: THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY Assoc.Prof.Dr. Truong Ho Hai MA. Dang Viet Dat INFORMATION OF AUTHORS - Fullname: Trng H Hi - Director of the State and Law Institute under Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics. - Mobile: 098.437.7858 Email: tghohai@googlemail.com - Research interests and key publications: The Rule of Law; human rights. - Fullname: ng Vit t - Lecturer atRegional Academy of Politics4 under Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics. - Mobile: 0985.192.869; Email: vietdatdanghv4@gmail.com - Research interests and key publications: Controlling of executive power; the right of access to justice; Rule of Law State. CONTROLLING EXECUTIVE POWER FOR ANTI-CORRUPTION IN VIETNAM: THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY Assoc.Prof.Dr. Truong Ho Hai( MA. Dang Viet Dat( Abstract Corruption is a national problem for all nations. This phenomenon exists within the existence of the state. In this paper, the author focuses on being clear the risk of corruption from being corrupted by the executive power, which asserted controlling executive power has an important role in the fight against corruption. In Vietnam today, the Party and the State should continue to improve the mechanism of controlling executive power to improve the quality of anti-corruption, including application of digital technology in executive bodies for anti-corruption in the executive brach. Key words: Anti-corruption; executive power; controlling executive power; digital technology; E-government. 1. Introduction Corruption which means internal invaders is one of the dangers for socio-political stability, sustainable development of the country because it reduces the capacity of state management, potential conflicts of interest, and social resistance as well as widens the gap between the rich and the poor. Therefore, Vietnam Communist Party and State need to continue to improve mechanisms, measures and methods to prevent and fight corruption effectively, as General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong said at the National Conference on anti-corruption work (on 5/5/2014): Resolutely and persistently build a preventive mechanism to prevent corruption; a mechanism of punishment and deterrence to avoid corruption; and a mechanism to ensure that there is no need for corruption. Thus, it is necessary to study and clarify the theoretical and practical basis to promote the role of digital technology in controlling executive power, thereby repelling corruption in the executive sector in our country nowaday. In the current strong digital transformation in Vietnam, applying technology measures in state administrative management, especially promoting e-government development is a good way to fight corruption. 2. The risk of corruption from corrupting executive power Corruption is derived from the Latin word Corruptus, in English Corruption - which means distorting or undermining integrity in public service through bribery or biased treatment. The difference and distortion in the nature of state power - the center of public power - with the aim of successfully serving the interests of private power - for itself, a group of people or a service class for the benefit of a person, a group of people or a class, before serving the public interest is the corruption of state power. Thus, Baron Acton (18341902) affirmed: Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men. Corruption is the national disaster of all nations and peoples, demonstrating the use of power and arbitrary use of power for personal gain or in other words. Corruption is the corruption of power. The phenomenon of corruption exists with the existence of the state: corruption is of the nature of a common disease, inherent in all states, regardless of political institution. Along with bureaucracy, the disease of corruption appears from the moment the state is born and will exist with the state until it dies . Thus, we can only completely eliminate corruption when abolish the state  . Corruption shows the use of power and arbitrary use of power for personal gain or in other words, corruption is the "alienation" of power. When holding power, especially state power, people always want to expand power and use it in a radical way to make it an effective tool to achieve specific benefits in society. Therefore, "corruption (...) the common disease of all societies with the state, there are many causes, including the discretion of people to hold state power". However, in each different state regime, the nature and degree of corruption also differ, depending on the nature of class, the way of organizing and exercising state power, on capacity and religion and virtue of the contingent of state civil servants ; therefore, in the region where state power is most concentrated, there is the greatest risk of corruption occurring. In fact, in the state power system, the executive branch is most prone to corruption because executive power is the most important part of all forms of organization and exercise of state power, is the center of state power: executive power is both an input and an output to legislative and judicial power. This is shown in that: Firstly, in relation to the legislative power, executive power is the right to implement the law into life. By the right to establish regulations, the executive agency sets out specific regulations and policies to realize the contents of the law enacted by the legislature. Without the legislative power of the executive body, the legislative products of the legislature could not work in the practice. Therefore, the right to establish regulations is an inevitable part of executive power. At the same time, administrative power is also an important element of executive power. Through the exercise of administrative rights, the central to local state administrative agencies manage and run socio-economic activities on the basis of the policies specified in the legal documents. Therefore, the right to establish regulations and administrative rights always have an organic relationship with each other in the whole executive power. Dialectical unification between the entitlement to regulation and the administrative power within the executive power in order to ensure executive power is promoted effectively in practice. In the process of performing its functions and duties, law enforcement will promptly discover new social relationships, then propose new laws or propose amendments, supplements or repeals. The legal contents are no longer relevant to the reality for the legislature to amend, supplement, change, repeal or issue a new law. Secondly, in relation to judicial power, executive action is also both input and output of judicial power. In the process of running the country, the law enforcement agency is the inventor of the law, and is also the person responsible for the implementation of those laws, through which the law enforcement agency is also the one who discovers the violations of law and brings those violations to the judiciary for trial. After the judiciary adjudicates, it is the executive body which is the judgment enforcement agency that has just been sentenced by the judiciary. This shows that the executive agency plays a major role in the ups and downs of each nation and nation, in which the Government is the nucleus to exercise the executive power. Therefore, in practice, executive power has a very important position and role in the organization and exercise of state power. The executive is not merely the part organized to passively enforce the legislative decisions of the legislature, but the highest executive-administrative body, the influential branch of power. With great influence over other branches of power, the executive is the center of the state apparatus, the foundation for the development and fulfillment of legislative and judicial functions. The executive is also the place to promulgate legal documents, the place for drafting of legal documents, setting up policies to mobilize human and material resources of the society. With such an important position, the executive office is also a place where negative things can happen, such as corruption, authoritarianism, bossy, etc. Therefore, those who are empowered by the state to act on behalf of the state (keeps power) public service always tends to abuse power, manipulate power, turn power into private power which is corrupted by power. These people use state power for personal gain, harming the interests of citizens, the interests of the community and society, and more importantly, violating the democracy regime, leading to the loss of democracy in the state and society. 3. The role of controlling executive power over anti-corruption The origin of corruption is the "alienation" of state power, so the control of state power plays an important role in the fight against corruption. It is the disruption (because people do not directly perform themselves but authorize representatives) and the continuity of state power (collective power delegates to individuals) that creates personal will for leaders, while subject to a common will of principle, in practice can become overwhelming, or even become a common will. This is the paradox that requires state power to be controlled. Therefore, in order to maintain and promote democracy in the state and in society, state power must be controlled, in which the focus is on controlling the executive power because after all, the center of operating state in each country is an executive activity. Control of executive power is a political-legal mechanism implemented by state agencies, political organizations, socio-political organizations and the people by means of inspection, examination, supervision, auditing, judicial review, social criticism, etc. to ensure the executive power is continuously, properly and fully implemented in accordance with the law, to promote effectiveness and efficiency in the implementation of public policies, law and regulate all socio-economic activities, protect the legitimate interests of the state and people. For that reason, executive power must be tightly controlled, because: executive power is the center of state power, a symbol of state power. Effectiveness and efficiency in the exercise of power of the government depend on the effectiveness of executive power. Law enforcement agencies that fully and properly perform their tasks and tasks will promote socio-economic development, thereby promoting power of the government in practice; on the contrary, the discretion and irresponsibility of the executive agency will become an obstacle to socio-economic development, leading to a decrease in state power. Therefore, controlling executive power is aimed at preventing forms of "corruption" by the executive power (abuse, abuse, authoritarianism, harassment, corruption, etc.), ensuring the legitimate rights of the people, promote democracy, improve the effectiveness and efficiency of executive agencies. Effective control of executive power will ensure good functioning of the executive powers, prevent the possibility of abusing state power, and repel corruption. For effective anti-corruption, the control of executive power must aim at ensuring openness, transparency and accountability in the exercise of executive powers of state agencies, in which the transparent publicity by the government and the local authorities. James Madison (1788) has affirmed In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difculty lies in this: you must rst enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself  , so openness, transparency and accountability are seen as one of the tools to control executive power, under which governments and local governments are the subject of public power must be open, transparent and accountable about his activities to the whole society and the public. By James Madison insisted if men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary, while John Stuart Mill said That mankind are not infallible; that their truths, for the most part, are only half-truths", meaning" it is impossible to say that an attorney is always worthy of the people's credit", thus mistakes in the history The use of human state power is present and limited only when all their activities are open and transparent and must be clearly explained, through which the people and society closely monitor their activities. Accountability is "the ability to answer and take responsibility for the consequences", this is reflected in the fact that: firstly, the officers have to periodically answer the things how they used their authority, where resources are used, how the results were achieved and the reasons for not being as targeted; secondly, in addition to internal accountability, officers need to strengthen external accountability to ensure external control over the quality of public service delivery. The entity issuing and implementing policies and laws is not only accountable to superior agencies, elected bodies, but also to the private sector and commune organizations, public associations and parties related to those regulations; thirdly, officers must take responsibility (legal responsibilities, political responsibilities) for the results of their performance of public duties. Accordingly, the institutional and institutional system must be able to clearly define responsibilities and hold officers accountable for the performance of their duties, especially those who stand by the head agency or organization. Therefore, the public authorities cannot perform their accountability well without ensuring the openness, transparency and perfection of the legal system. The openness and transparency of state operations can be considered in the following main aspects: Firstly, the government must provide information on its own about the facts related to the policies. For example, the data is used as the basis for policy formulation, actual effects, consequences, and practices to be applied in practice. In addition, information sources and attributes of information (comprehensibility, consistency, comprehensiveness, honesty, quality and reliability) also contribute to ensuring the openness and transparency of information of the government. Secondly, this is the ability of people to have access - directly or indirectly to government records and documents (except for matters related to national security, internal information of the agency or group. function); public meetings, such as government meetings at all levels (except for internal office sessions or meeting content related to national security and defense). Thirdly, before the government wants to draft and enforce policies, to systematically consult with stakeholder groups, including information dissemination and processing of comments through this reference. Fourth, the procedures (administrative procedures, judicial procedures) to handle affairs between people and state agencies or between state agencies must be fully, accurately, promptly and easily announced approach. Next, the policies and laws must ensure relative stability, consistency and allow forecasts about how the state will apply in practice. Therefore, it is necessary for the government to specify the content, time, and method of publicity, transparency and accountability of government agencies to the people and to other competent state agencies. Thus, public disclosure, transparency and accountability have a close relationship with the effectiveness and efficiency of state governance, especially in the fight against corruption. At the 13th International Conference on Anti-Corruption (2008) in Athens (Greece), a close link between openness, transparency and accountability and corruption: Corruption = (Monopoly + Non-publicity, silencing information) - Accountability. Therefore, to effectively prevent and fight corruption, openness, transparency and accountability need to be strengthened. 4. The role of digital technology in controlling executive power and anti - corruption In the context of digital technology, especially in the context of industrial revolution 4.0, it requires changes from the scale of management, management mechanism and management capacity, especially the "help" of information technology. Information and communication, especially the Internet of things and artificial intelligence (AI), have changed the way the government interacts with the people so that people can access the government and make requests (justifiable, legal) for the government at anytime, anywhere (24/24). Therefore, the government must receive a larger amount of data, requiring faster processing, more accuracy and better quality, thereby improving the efficiency and efficiency of government operations. Besides that, people are more satisfied with the government. Therefore, in this context, the open government can solve the following requirements: Firstly, the application of digital technology in the government at all levels creates the foundation to move from the traditional administration to the public administration development, which in essence is the transition from the administration to the service administration, in which citizens are guests; the common "ask - give" relationship in the traditional administration is transformed into "service and service provision" relationship; Secondly, the application of digital technology will help the publicity become more transparent, increase accountability, and then solve many difficult "diseases" that the traditional government has brought in them. In the traditional model of government itself - "closed" government has inherent diseases that cannot be completely solved without transformation, that is: arbitrary, monopoly, corruption, etc. thus cannot serve the people well. These inherent diseases are caused by lack of transparency, information obscuration, lack of accountability and participation of people and society. Therefore, in order to completely deal with these diseases, the government must: make public transparency, especially the disclosure of revenue and expenditure activities and the use of public resources (including public finance); expanding access to information, especially public policy information; perform well in accountability, that is, the public authorities, and the empowered must report, explain the functions and tasks performed and the results of those tasks, and specify the responsibility as well as the responsibility of the agency, individuals, especially the leader of the wrongdoings. Open government is an important principle in the organization and operation of the government (in a broad sense including state agencies, with the focus on the executive agency) in a progressive, modern direction. in which the interaction between the government and the market and the society is made more effective, public, transparent, easy to communicate, the accountability is done regularly and substantially, ... That, the open government is the right direction to be able to thoroughly deal with the cause of the inherent diseases of the "closed" government. If in "closed" government there is no interaction with the people; do not listen to feedback from the people and exercise monopoly, cover information, lack accountability ... this leads to the government as an "inviolable" area and people "must" use Applying public services and settling jobs in public authorities without any other option. Meanwhile, if the government is maintained, people have the right to respond opinions and to criticize policies and to choose another entity to provide public services. At this time, the government is no longer the only entity providing public services, so people have many options and will not choose government if the quality of public service delivery is not good. Therefore, the application of digital technology so that the government always innovates and perfects the government to better meet the needs and needs of the people; People's satisfaction is the measure of government efficiency. In the context of the fourth industrial revolution, the government aims to build a model of smart government (Smart Government) through sharing big data (Big data) and Interntet of Thing, etc. The current context is posing requirements for the government, such as: improving databases for policymaking, enhancing integrity, reducing corruption and building citizens' trust with the government. The requirements for open government are: quick and easy access to public services; real-time government information / services; social networking application to enhance interaction between government and people; use open data; transparency of e-government; demand for global standards. Big data and big data analytics have given the government insight into social issues. Several trends related to the growth of big data not only contribute to the growth, but also provide a solution for managing large data sets. Now, e-government is evolving into a new generation, which is information that must be open to the public (open data), which makes governance transparent by increasing Power to freedom of information and building of access rights. The development of e-government in the context of the industrial revolution 4.0 will create a great motivation for e-government to develop to a higher level, which is the transition from the old government model to new generation of government, aiming to build smart government. In fact, Korea, Japan and some Western European countries have been working towards building e-government version 3.0, also known as smart government. With the effective support of science and technology, the government builds a large and open database system that allows other actors in the society to access, exploit and serve planning and practice policy exam. Therefore, ensuring the openness of the government is the political - legal basis for building large and open databases, allowing actors to share and this is appropriate for the trend of construction of smart government. Through that, the development of e-government, gradually evolving to smart government is the development of the current government model in the digital age, thereby ensuring publicity, transparency, accountability and through 24/7 interaction with people and businesses; handle online work; people supervise the government 24/7/365. These advantages will be the solution available to overcome arbitrary, self-contained, harassment, etc., which repels corrupt practices in the executive sector. 5. Promoting role of digital technology in controlling executive power for anti-corruption in Vietnam Vietnam has implemented many legal measures to ensure transparency and accountability in state governance, thereby controlling excutive power for anti-corruption. In recent years, the Communist Party of Vietnam has directed to perfect the mechanism effective control of power, such as ensuring the transparency and accountability in the state governance. For example, see: Article 25, 2013 Constitution; Law on Access to Information 2016; section 1, chapter II Law on Anti-Corruption 2019; Press Law 2016; Ordinance on exercise of democracy in communes, wards and townships 2007; Article 61, Law on Handling Administrative Violations 2012; Article 53, Law on Inspection 2010; Article 13, Law on Complaints 2011; Decree 90/2013 / ND-CP on prescribing the accountability of state agencies in implementation of the assigned tasks and powers; Chapter II, Decree 59/2019 / ND-CP dated July 1, 2019 of the Government detailing on a number of Articles and the measures for implementation of the Law on Anti-Corruption; Law on supervisory activities of the National Assembly and Peoples Councils 2015; etc. Morover, application ICT in public administrative agencies has been strongly deployed, especially since the Government issued Resolution 36a /NQ-CP on e-government (October 14, 2015). The EGDI has certainly changed (from 0.4454 in 2020 to 0.6667 in 2020), especially the index of online public services has certainly improved compared to other indexes (0.6529 in 2020; 0.7361 in 2018 and 0.5725 in 2016). In fact, if at March 30, 2018, the total number of online public services at level 3 and level 4 currently provided by provinces and central cities is 45,374 then to 29 / 06/2018, The total number of online public services at level 3 and level 4 currently provided by the whole country is nearly 50,000  (up 10.20% after 03 months) (Table 1). Table 1: E-Government Development Index (EGDI) NmEGDIComponentsRankOnline Service Telecomm Infrustructure Human Capital20100.44540.10360.07460.26729020120.52170.42480.39690.74348320140.47050.41730.37920.61489920160.51430.57250.37150.59898920180.59310.73610.38900.65438820200.66670.65290.66940.677986 Source: United Nations E-Government Survey (2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020) With the above solutions, e-government in Vietnam has made certain improvements, thereby contributing to improve the index of transparency and accountability of administrative agencies at all levels (Transparency Index is up from 0.35 in 2012 to 0.46 in 2020; Accountability Index is up from 0.08 in 2011 to 0.12 in 2020) (Table 2) . Table 2: Index of cotrolling executive power, transparency, accountability and anti-corruption in Vietnam YearConstrains on Government PowersAbsence of Corruption (in the executive branch)Transparency IndexAccountability Index20110.540.510.440.0820120.40.430.350.0920130.40.430.350.1120140.40.440.390.0920150.420.540.430.1020160.490.540.430.1020170.460.490.440.1120180.460.490.440.0920190.450.480.460.1220200.450.480.460.12Source: Processing data from the World Justice Project 2011-2020 and World Wide Governance Indicators 2011-2020 Therefore, in recent years, with the efforts of the system of administrative agencies, the application of ICT in administrative management has been strongly implemented, the anti-corruption work has achieved some results, such as A series of particularly serious violations of law had been discovered and handled in the past, such as: La Thi Kim Oanh (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development), corrupt case at Vietnam Oil and Gas Group, the issue of textiles quotas (Ministry of Trade), PMU 18 case (Ministry of Transport), land corruption in Do Son (Hai Phong), Vinashine case, Vinalines case, the 8 key corruption cases brought before the XII Congress of the Party, 10 large corruption cases (heard a case in 2018), 08 great corrupt cases (heard a case in 2019), etc. Table 3: Corruption Perception Index (CPI) in the period of 2006-2019 YearScoresRank201937/10096/180201833/100117/180201735/100107/180201633/100113/176201531/100112/168201431/100119/175201331/100116/177201231/100123/17620112.9112/18320102.7116/17820092.7120/18020082.7121/18020072.6123/18020062.611/163Source: Transparency International - The Global Anti-Corruption The score has increased slightly, on a scale of 0 -100 of the CPI (of which 0 is high corruption and 100 is very pure), scores of 37/100 in 2019, rank of 96/180 (compares with 2018 up 11 ranks) (Table 3). This proves that, when the EGDI in Vietnam has increased, the transparency and accountability index also increased, thereby, the anti-corruption index also increased (Chart 1). Chart 1: Correlation between the indexs anti-corruption and e-government development in Vietnam  Source: Processing data from the World Justice Project 2011-2020 v Worldwide Governance Indicators 2011-2020 However, the implementation of transparency and accountability in the State governance in Vietnam, is still limited. Therefore, the Vietnam 2035 report has commented, The current institutions of Vietnam (. ), have weak capacity and low accountability. The reason of the fact is the quality of ICT application in administrative agencies operations is still limited, according to the world report on the e-government development index, Vietnam's rank on the map of government development over the world has not been improved much (2010, rank as 90, 2020, rank as 86 (Table 1). The fact shows that Vietnam has not made significant changes in perceptions of corruption in the public sector and they continue to be in the countries group where the corruption is perceived to be serious (Table 3). This reality is formed from the organizational mechanism and enforcement of state power in Vietnam, which do not ensure the relative independence, so the mutual accountability of the three branches of power (i.e. legislature, executive, and judiciary), which are practically quite faint. The accountable activities are mainly conducted and especially question-and-answer sessions of National Assembly deputies and People's Council deputies at all levels during the sessions, however they are usually held twice a year; at the same time, because of the limited time, the accountability of the deputies also works perfunctorily, sometimes they are also formalistic. The reality shows that the index of publicity, transparency and accountability in state governance in Vietnam tends to slow down and decrease. The accountability Indicator in the State governance has not changed significantly over recent years (Table 2), as follows: Firstly, the income and asset declarations (which attach too much importance to the form) have not been checked, verified and confirmed.As such, it has not helped the authorities to control the fluctuation in property of people in positions and powers. Many agencies and units have not fully grasped the order and procedures for the declaration and publicityas they areconfused about guiding principles, scope of asset fluctuations, types of assets and income to be declared and explained. A number of heads of agencies and units have not really paid attention or prioritized the declaration and publicity of assets and income declarations; the management and monitoring of the declaration, publicity and verification of assets and incomes have non-systematic yet; unearned income is quite popular without having mechanism to control; the application of information technology in control of property transactions and control of income is still limited. The situation of taking advantage of cultural traditions about giving gifts, thanks for giving, corruption for self-interested motives, which are quite popular; regulations and the implementation of the regulations on gift surrender are still formality, ineffective, and low effectiveness, so it is needed to have specific regulations on sanctions and institutionalization by law . Secondly, the number of leaders that have been sanctioned for corruption is less than the number of corruption cases discovered. The cause of this is the connivance of officials and a lack of determination, regard, and avoidance in handling such cases. On the other hand, in many cases it has put the head in a position of conflict of interest. If it is actively checked and corruption detected internally, he may face handling cases that affect the reputation and achievements of himself and his unit. Thirdly, the handling of corruption in many cases is still not strict and timely. The measures to support judicial activities are still limited, not meeting requirements, especially the judicial expertise in the fields of finance, banking, capital construction investment, science and technology and so on. Corrupt behaviors are becoming more and more sophisticated and complex, so it is difficulty to detect and handle them. The rate of corrupt assets revocation, although increasing every year, is still much lower than the amount of appropriated assets; corrupt assets in some cases are dispersed and hidden, uncontrollable and difficult to recover. In 2013, the sum of money and corrupt assets recovered was less than 10%; in 2014, it was only over 22%. Comparing the above figure with the total actual value of appropriated assets, then the rate is much lower. In general, the ineffective coordination of law enforcement agencies (whose focus is on police agencies, procuracies and courts have not created a sufficiently strong legal mechanism to reverse corruption in Vietnam in recent years. In addition, it is necessary for the institutions of inspection, independent investigation, and auditing to be performed with integrity and efficiency so as to ensure the fulfillment of accountability. However, these institutions have not been guaranteed well yet in Vietnam. Currently, the country has a Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption directly under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the Government Inspectorate directly under the Government, carrying out the inspection tasks of the State agencies's activities. Whilst they aim to address corruption, these institutions are actually not effective because they are directly under the Party and the Government, so they tend to avoid the conflicts with other agencies, leading to the timely failure to detect negative issues and corrupt cases. The case of VinaShin Group is a typical example, as different inspection and supervisory agencies of the Government and the National Assembly had implemented up to 11 inspections without any detection of mistakes. 6. Conclusion Good implementation of transparency and accountability is the most important solutions to control excutive power, thereby good anti curruprion in excutive power brach. For Vietnam, which is in the process of socio-economic transformation, application digital technology into ecutive bodies has not been completed, so it has not achieved good state management standards, especially publicity, transparency and accountability in state organizations and activities are not well guaranteed, which anti-corruption has not improved significantly over recent years, so it has been one of the great threatening to survive of our the Communist Party and the Socialism regime. Therefore, in the current period, Vietnam needs to actively promote building e-government for improving transparency and accountability in organizating and operatingof all levels of government, thereby well controlling executive power for anti-corruption./. 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WJP (2011), Rule of Law Index 2011, p 105; WJP (2013), Rule of Law Index 2012-2013, p 154; WJP (2014), Rule of Law Index 2014, p 158; WJP (2015), Rule of Law Index 2015, p.156; WJP (2016), Rule of Law Index 2016, p 157; WJP (2018), Rule of Law Index 2017-2018, p 157; WJP (2019), Rule of Law Index 2019, p 156; WJP (2020), Rule of Law Index 2020, p 158 accessed on September 10, 2020 World Bank Group and Ministry of Planning and Investment, Vietnam Report 2035: Towards Prosperity, Creativity, Justice and Democracy (Hong Duc 2016) ( Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, Hanoi, Vietnam ( Regional Academy of Politics 4, Cantho, Vietnam  In a letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton in 1887, Count Baron Acton (18341902), also known as Lord Acton - British historian and ethicist accessed September 12, 2020  Nguyen Dang DZung, Pham Hong Thai, Chu Hong Thanh and Vu Cong Giao, Textbook Theory and law on anti-corruption (Hanoi National ҹ޸þ Press 2013), p 35  Gary S. 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Carey, James McClellan) (Published by Liberty Fund, Inc 2001) p 269  James Madison, Federalist no. 51, in Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, The Federalist (edited by George W. Carey, James McClellan) (Published by Liberty Fund, Inc 2001) p 269  John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, (Published by The Floating Press, 2009) p 94  Tran Ngoc Duong, Assignment, coordination and control of power with the amendment of the 1992 Constitution, (National Political Publishing House, 2012) p 74  S. Chiavo - Campo and P.S.A. Sundaram, Serving and Maintaining: Improving Public Administration in a Competitive World (translated by Nguyen Canh Binh et al., (National Political Publishing House, 2003) p 13  Dinh Van Minh, "Good governance and anti-corruption" in Nguyen Thi Que Anh, Vu Cong Giao and Nguyen Hoan Anh, Theories, models, approaches on governance and anti-corruption (Hong Duc Publisher, 2018) p 361  Nha Tuong, Korea will build Smart Government 3.0 accessed October 9, 2020  Communist Party of Vietnam, Document of the 12th National Congress (the National Political Publishing House 2016) p 307  Government Office, Report No. 2911 / BC-VPCP, Report on the implementation of the Government's Resolution 30a / NQ-CP on e-Government for the first quarter of 2018, dated March 30, 2008, p 3  Government Office, Report No. 6170 / BC-VPCP, Report on implementation and results of the implementation of Government construction in the second quarter of 2018, dated June 29, 2008, p. 2  UN (2010), United Nations E-Government Survey 2010: Leveraging E-government at a time of financial and economic crisis, N.Y, p.114; UN (2012), United Nations E-Government Survey 2012: E-Government for the People, N.Y, p.126; UN (2014), United Nations E-Government Survey 2014: E-government for the future We want, N.Y, p.203 ; UN (2016), United Nations E-Government Survey 2016: E-government in support of Sustainable Development, N.Y , p.158; UN (2018), United Nations E-Government Survey 2018: Gearing E-government to Support Transformation Towards Subtainable and Resilient Societies, N.Y , p. 238; UN (2020), United Nations E-Government Survey 2020: Digital Government in the Decade of Action for Sustainable Development (With addendum on COVID-19 Response), N.Y , p. 272  WJP (2011), Rule of Law Index 2011, p 105; WJP (2013), Rule of Law Index 2012-2013, p 154; WJP (2014), Rule of Law Index 2014, p 158; WJP (2015), Rule of Law Index 2015, p.156; WJP (2016), Rule of Law Index 2016, p 157; WJP (2018), Rule of Law Index 2017-2018, p 157; WJP (2019), Rule of Law Index 2019, p 156; WJP (2020), Rule of Law Index 2020, p 158 ngy 25/9/2020  World Wide Governance Indicators accessed on September 20, 2020  The 8 key corrupt cases before the XII Party Congress: (1) case of Lam Ngoc Khuan and his accomplices; (2) case of Pham Van Cu and his accomplices; (3) Tran Quoc Dong and his accomplices; (4) Duong Thanh Cuong and his accomplices; (5) Case of Vu Quoc Hao and his accomplices; (6) Case of Pham Thi Bich Luong and her accomplices; (7) Case of Le Hung Son and his accomplices; (8)Case of Nguyen The Dung and his accomplices (B.T.Ngc,  Hold hearings the 8 of key corrupt cases before the XII Party Congress , http://nld.com.vn/thoi-su-trong-nuoc/xu-8-vu-an-tham-nhung-trong-diem-truoc-dai-hoi-xii-cua-dang-20150929105054054.htm dated September 29, 2015)  1. The case of Dinh La Thang and his accomplices who committed the crime of Deliberately violating the State's regulations on economic management, causing serious consequences and "Embezzlement" in the Vietnam Oil and Gas Group (PVN); 2. The case of Trinh Xuan Thanh and his accomplices who committed the crime of Deliberately violating the State's regulations on economic management, causing serious consequences and "Embezzlement" in the Petro Vietnam Construction Joint Stock Corporation- PVC and Petroleum Power Property Joint Stock Company - PVP Land; 3.The case of Phan Van Vinh (former Lieutenant General and former Director General of the Police General Department), Nguyen Thanh Hoa ( former Major General and former Director of the Police Department for Hi-tech Crime Prevention), Nguyen Van Duong and his accomplices who committed the crime of Using the internet to appropriate assets", "Organizing gambling", "Gambling", "Illegally trade invoices", "Money laundering", "Giving bribes" and abusing position and power while performing duties in Phu Tho province and some localities; 4. The case of Ha Van Tham and his accomplices who committed the crime of Deliberately violating the State's regulations on economic management, causing serious consequences, "Violating the regulations on lending in the operation of credit institutions ", Abusing position and power to appropriate assets and "Embezzlement" in Ocean Commercial Joint Stock Bank- Ocean Bank; 5. The case of Tran Phuong Binh and his accomplices who committed the crime of "Deliberately violating the State's regulations on economic management causing serious consequences" and Abusing position and power to appropriate assets in the Dong A Commercial Joint Stock Bank - DAB; 6. The case of Phan Van Anh Vu and his accomplices committed the crime of "Deliberately disclosing State secrets" and Abusing position and power to appropriate assets in the Nova Bac Nam 79 Company and Dong A Commercial Joint Stock Bank- DAB; 7. The case of Chau Thi Thu Nga and her accomplices who committed the crime of "Fraud to appropriate assets in the Housing Construction and Investment Joint Stock Company - Housing Group; 8. The case of Pham Cong Danh and his accomplices committed the crime of Deliberately violating the State's regulations on economic management, causing serious consequences in the Vietnam Construction Bank - VNCB; 9.The case of Hua Thi Phan and her accomplices who committed the crime of "Abusing the trust to appropriate assets and Deliberately violating the State's regulations on economic management, causing serious consequences in the Trust Bank; 10. The case of Huynh Cong Thien and his accomplices who committed the crime of "Fraud to appropriate assets and "Violating the regulations on lending in the operation of credit institutions " in the Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam(BIDV) - Tay Sai Gon Branch. (Ha Cam Phong, 10 great cases on the economic, corruption and typical cases brought to trial in 2018 dated January 11, 2019)  1 The case of "Receiving the bribes, giving bribes, violating regulations on management and use of public investment causing serious consequences" in the MobiFone Telecommunications Corporation; 2. The case of "violating the regulations on investment in construction works, causing serious consequences" in the PetroVietnam Biofuels Joint Stock Company. (PVB), Phu Tho 5; 3. The case of "Violating regulations on state asset management, causing losses in Saigon Beer-Alcohol-Beverage Corporation (Sabeco); 4. The case "Violating regulations on state asset management, causing losses related to the project at 8-12 Le Duan, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City; 5. The case of Deliberately violating the State's regulations on economic management, causing serious consequences; irresponsibility, causing serious consequences in Vietnam Social Insurance; 6. The case of "Violating the regulations on land management and use; Violating regulations on state asset management, causing losses in Hai Thanh Company; 7. The case of "Violating the regulations on banking activities, other activities related to banking activities" in Phuong Nam Bank; 8. The case of "Violating the regulations on land management and use; Violating regulations on state asset management, causing losses in Da Nang. (Hoang Diep, Announcing 8 'great cases' will be brought to trial in 2019 dated May 22, 2019)  Score 1-10 (<5 points for high corruption), 0-100 points after 2011 (<50 is highly corruption)  Transparency International - The Global Anti-Corruption, Accessed on September 15, 2020  WJP (2013), Rule of Law Index 2012-2013, p 154; WJP (2014), Rule of Law Index 2014, p 158; WJP (2016), Rule of Law Index 2016, p 157; WJP (2018), tvx x , H V ~ §{m`U`IU`U-6hc5B*OJQJ\fHmH ph"""q sH hhc5OJQJhhcOJQJhhc@OJQJhhc5@OJQJhchc5OJQJ?hchc5B*OJQJ\]fHmH*ph"""q sH*4hchc5B*OJQJ\fHph"""q <hchc5B*OJQJ\fHmH*ph"""q sH*<hchc5B*OJQJ\fHmH ph"""q sH  B x , H ~  T 0 N a b $a$gd$a$gd$dh`a$gdc$7dh`7a$gdc$7dh`7a$gdc$a$gdc$a$gdc    / L M _ ` a b k #§{j{j{K9'9'#hch L5CJOJQJ^JaJ#hch L6CJOJQJ^JaJ<hch-5B*OJQJ\fHmH ph"""q sH ! j*hch4hu0J5OJQJhch L5OJQJ?hch L5B*OJQJ\]fHmH*ph"""q sH*4hch L5B*OJQJ\fHph"""q <hch L5B*OJQJ\fHmH*ph"""q sH*<hch L5B*OJQJ\fHmH ph"""q sH b k #3!c$L' *h,,/1(6"=BHJTK$7dh`7a$gdNl $7dh^`7a$gdNl7dh`7gdN#3!c$k$**ݱuueVeVA)jhchd0JCJOJQJUaJhchdCJOJQJaJhchd6CJOJQJaJ$hchd0JCJOJQJ^JaJ#hchd5CJOJQJ^JaJ-jhchd0JCJOJQJU^JaJ$hche0JCJOJQJ^JaJ0jhche0J5CJOJQJU^JaJ#hche5CJOJQJ^JaJ hcheCJOJQJ^JaJ*h,,,//O778D8F89 9 9:V;W;X;w;;;;0<1<x=y=xB}BBXD^D`DEEEJJJijħijĉijĉijijij}u}i}iijhh6OJQJhOJQJhh/s6OJQJhh/s6OJQJh6OJQJh6OJQJhch/s6OJQJ!jhch/s0JOJQJUhch/sOJQJ hchdCJOJQJ^JaJ hch/sCJOJQJ^JaJhchdCJOJQJaJ%JTKNN~PP+U`Waadd9eeeeNfOfQfRfUfYfafiiejjkƵƩvj^S^hcheDOJQJhcheDOJQJ\hchKOJQJ\!jhchKe0JOJQJUhchKeOJQJhchYmOJQJhch L5OJQJhch/ 5OJQJ!jhchN0JOJQJUhchNOJQJhch+-.OJQJhch/s6OJQJhch/sOJQJhch/s5OJQJTK+U'Z^d9elPmXmbmxmm $$Ifa$gdN $dha$gdN$7dh`7a$gdN$7dh`7a$gdNl kkkkkkkllllllllPmmmmnnnn+o,oqpxp|ppppʼ箢udʼʢXhch`95OJQJ!jhchK0JOJQJU"hchK6OJQJ\mH sH hchKOJQJ\mH sH hchKOJQJhchK5OJQJhchK5OJQJ\hchK6OJQJ\hchKOJQJ\!jhch0JOJQJUhcheDOJQJ\hchOJQJ\mmmmmm<0000 $$Ifa$gdNkd$$Ifl4'\ jt$f f &f  t0$644 lBBap(ytNmmm $$Ifa$gdNmmkd$$Ifl4'ֈ `jt$ '  ' ' ''  '  t0$644 lap<ytNmn nnnn!n $$Ifa$gdN!n"nkd$$Ifl'ֈ `jt$g F F FF F  t0$644 lBap<ytN"n'n.n5n0JB*OJQJU\ph hchX>B*OJQJ\ph&hchX>6B*OJQJ\]ph#hch;B*OJQJ\]ph#hchX>B*OJQJ\]ph)jhch;B*H*OJQJUphhch;B*OJQJph jhch;H*OJQJUhch;OJQJhch;OJQJ\hch;6OJQJ\qyy܅Ӈ6:Hn-ӗk$ & Fdh^a$gdN$dh`a$gdN$7dh-DM `7a$gdN$7dh`7a$gdNz {5{6{{{{0|}܅Ӈڇ׳tfZO:(hchX>6OJQJfHq hchX>OJQJhchX>6OJQJhchX>OJQJ\]hchX>6OJQJ\]hch;OJQJ\mH sH hchX>OJQJ\mH sH hchyOJQJ\mH sH %hch;OJQJfHq !jhchK0JOJQJUhch;OJQJ\hchKOJQJ\ hchKB*OJQJ\phڇ34`a78:=GH7GOWwOKǻǰtii]QFhch .OJQJhchqw5OJQJhch .5OJQJhchyOJQJ!jhchkm0JOJQJUhchkmOJQJ\mH sH hchEOJQJ\mH sH hchkmOJQJhchEOJQJhchE5OJQJhch5OJQJ1jhchX>H*OJQJUfHq %hchX>OJQJfHq K>lmn @dʖ7={guϙ'5<z ˜0nѺƮƮƮƮƮƮƟƮƮƮƮƮzkhch .CJOJQJaJ(hchvOJQJ]fHq hchN6CJOJQJaJhchNCJOJQJaJhchN6OJQJhchv6OJQJhchNOJQJhchvOJQJhch .6OJQJhch .OJQJhch .OJQJ\'ϙΚanqР=ҡy&($a$gdd$ & F^a$gdN$ & Fdh^a$gdN$ & Fdh^a$gdN۝%Lq|ȠР۠=Hoq̡ҡݡrxyƺਘssssssssdhchvCJOJQJaJhchvOJQJ\hchv6OJQJ\hchvOJQJhch .CJOJQJ\aJ"hch .5CJOJQJ\aJhchN6OJQJhchNOJQJhchNCJOJQJaJhch .CJOJQJaJhch .6CJOJQJaJ"΢&;Rgģۣ&`(),-cϦbcqrw§ŹũyuyyhNhdhN6OJQJhNOJQJ!jhdhN0JOJQJUhdhNOJQJ j*hdhN0JOJQJhchv6OJQJhchvOJQJhchvCJOJQJ\aJhchvCJOJQJaJhchv6CJOJQJaJ.b]nΩTBկ<;$a$gd`9gdK$a$gdK$a$gdN$a$gd/sgd/s$a$gdd-]^y/;Fnop}~ȩͩΩϩ*8TUjt%045<>ABCk­讽˒˒˒˒˒˒h/shNOJQJ!jh/shN0JOJQJU hLhNhNOJQJhNjhN0JUh/shN6OJQJ!jhdhN0JOJQJUhdhNOJQJhdhN6OJQJ3߮ԯկ֯ %LwαݱRZ]̶rfrfrfrf^rSfhN6OJQJ\hNOJQJh hNOJQJ\h hN6OJQJ\h hNOJQJ!jh hN0JOJQJUhhNB*phh/shNB*OJQJph*jh/shN0JB*OJQJUphh/shNOJQJhNhN6OJQJhNhNOJQJ!jhNhN0JOJQJU "$kló̳ͳٳ !6LMbxyմִ 249;汿栕Չ~ՉuՉuՉuՉuuՉuu~~hN6OJQJhFqhNOJQJhi"hN6OJQJh5khNOJQJ!jh5khN0JOJQJUhhN6OJQJ\hN6OJQJ\h hNOJQJhNOJQJhNOJQJ\h hNOJQJ\h hN6OJQJ\.;<=>?ʹ3:;<=?@nr_c~ععع؝xf_đđđ h?hN"h?hN5CJOJQJ\aJhrhNOJQJh?hN5OJQJ\h?hNOJQJ\h?hNOJQJ!jh?hN0JOJQJUhyhNOJQJhNOJQJ\h5hNOJQJhNOJQJhFqhNOJQJ!jhFqhN0JOJQJUhN%8<IM$BN_abcǶmmX)jhyhN0JCJOJQJUaJ"hNOJQJ]fHq (h?hNOJQJ]fHq hNhNOJQJh .hNOJQJh0rhNOJQJ!jh0rhN0JOJQJU h?hNh?hNOJQJ!jh?hN0JOJQJUhNOJQJ\h?hNOJQJ\bllmno^pJqqqqqqqqqqqqqq &`#$gd{m$a$gdkm$a$gdK$a$gdX>gd;$a$gd;$a$gd`9cpll1lHlsllllllllllll:mmmmmnnnWoȷodYdhhNOJQJh hNOJQJ!jh hN0JOJQJUh?hN6OJQJh?hNOJQJ!jh?hN0JOJQJUhNhyhNOJQJ!jhyhN0JOJQJUhyhNCJaJhNCJOJQJaJUhyhN6CJOJQJaJhyhNCJOJQJaJ Rule of Law Index 2017-2018, p 157; WJP (2020), Rule of Law Index 2020, p 158 Accessed on September 20, 2020  Worldwide Governance Indicators dated 25 September 2020  World Bank Group and Ministry of Planning and Investment, Vietnam Report 2035: Towards Prosperity, Creativity, Justice and Democracy (Hong Duc 2016) p 452  E-Government Development Index (EGDI) of the United Nations is a set of average indexes of the three most important areas of e-government: online public services (OSI - Online Services Index), telecommunications infrastructure (TII- Telecommunication Infrastructure Index), human resources (HCI- Human Capital Index).  Vietnam Communist Party online newspaper, "Recovery of corrupt assets - Reality of Vietnam and international experience", accessed on March 13, 2015  Dinh Minh Tuan and Pham The Anh, From A Commanding State To A Developmental State (knowledge publishing house 2016) p 90  "Analyzing" the story" of Vinashin: 11 times inspection without the mistake detection, accessed on August 17, 2017  Communist Party of Vietnam, Document of the Third Meeting of the 10th Party Central Committee (the National Political Publishing House 2006) p 12     PAGE  PAGE 6 WoXoooop7p8pRpSp^p_pp:q@qCqEqJqKqLqhqnqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq|pgp|c[c[c[c[cjh;pUh;phN6OJQJhkmhN6OJQJhkthNOJQJ!jhkthN0JOJQJUhNOJQJ\hNOJQJhNhNOJQJh?hN6OJQJh?hNOJQJ!jh?hN0JOJQJUh?hN5\h?hNOJQJ\h?hN5OJQJ\#qqqqqqqqqqrrrrrھ뺯hchvOJQJh;ph0JOJQJmHnHuh4hN0JOJQJ!jh4hN0JOJQJUhN hN0JjhN0JUqrrrrr$ & Fdh^a$gdNgd&$&`#$a$gd46&P 1h:p . 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