ࡱ> [ 'bjbj  .pa!\pa!\q^,44h(8l<<Rh~~Y Y Y ;;;;;;;$>A>;Y Y Y Y Y ;~~;9%9%9%Y ~~;9%Y ;9%9%B24~^"p3;;0<3AU#A 44A6Y Y 9%Y Y Y Y Y ;;9%Y Y Y <Y Y Y Y AY Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y > : DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND THE RIGHTS OF THE ELDERLY: CASE STUDY IN VIETNAM Nguyen Phuong Nhung Lecturer, Human Rights Institute, Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics Summary: In Vietnam, the rights of the elderly have been promoted through digital technology application, such as posting information related to violence against the elderly, online sales services, transfer of healthcare technology through international cooperation, which promotes longevity of the elderly. However, Vietnamese government has not utilized digital technology to the fullest like some other developed countries. Information and data related to social assistance policies has not been publicized in a transparent way on social networks (the right to access information has not been well ensured), creating opportunities for corruption and power abuse, thus negatively affecting the exercise of the rights of the elderly in practice. On the basis of this argument, the author proposes a number of solutions to promote the rights of the elderly under the impacts of digital technology. Keywords: Digital technology, rights of the elderly, Vietnam. 1. Digital technology and the rights of the elderly Digital technology, also known as digital transformation - is a process of changing from traditional manual methods to applying technology based on the pillars of big data, Internet connecting things, and cloud computing. This revolution brings many opportunities as well as challenges for Vietnam in promoting, protecting and enforcing human rights in general and the rights of the elderly in particular. Specifically, the introduction of digital technology has made it easier for the rights of the elderly to be excercised; for example, the right to access information from mass media is enhanced, job opportunities of the elderly are increased thanks to job search supporting websites, information about human rights violations can be easily shared and reach the authorities, the development of smart robots takes over the role of humans in supporting and taking care of the elderly. On the other hand, digital technology causes several consequences that affect the rights of the elderly, such as the broken traditional family model, the old being forgotten, lonely and unable to get sharing. In addition, digital technology is not a really effective tool which could improve transparency of implementing policies for the elderly. Access to information related to the rights of this group of people in Vietnam has not been done well, despite the aid of digital technology, due to corruption from officials who are in charge of enforcing the elderlys rights policy (This case will be analyzed in more detail in the following section). 2. Current situation of digital technology impacts on some rights of the elderly in Vietnam today * Right to access to information Digital technology creates both opportunities and challenges to ensuring the rights of the elderly in Vietnam. On the one hand, the applications of digital technology have become tools to expand, recognize, promote and protect the rights of the elderly. This is an information channel that helps the elderly to find information, improve their knowledge, and seek for entertainment when approaching mass media. However, a separate website system for the elderly with a variety of items such as legal documents, sports and entertainment items as well as jobs opportunities has not been developed yet. Regarding the impact of digital technology on the development of policies for the elderly, a study by the Vietnam Institute for Elderly Research conducted in 6 communes and wards of 3 provinces (Dak Lak, Phu Yen and Quang Tri), with 600 questionnaires for the elderly aged 60 and over could be referred to. This study showed that childrens violence against their elderly is relatively serious, causing physical, emotional and economic damage. These information are available for readers at http://hanoimoi.com.vn/ban-in/Doi-song/532848/van-de-buc-xuc, making people to recognize the situation of violence against the elderly in Vietnam today. In this study, some typical cases were presented. For instance, an old man in Dong Ha, Quang Tri said: Old people without wages are rejected by their children, not allowed to eat or drink. In some cases, the children, for some reasons, retaliated against their parents by forcing parents eat and drink the way they want. If parents cant eat, they throw food into the trash. Many elders are left economically helpless and abandoned by their children. A 90-year-old woman in Hoa Thang commune, Phu Hoa district, Phu Yen province confided: My husband and my son are dead, now I live with my daughter-in-law and grandchildren. Due to the economic conditions and distance between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, I was often scolded by my daughter-in-law and did not receive care from her. My daughter-in-law also enticed my grandchildren to neglect and not allow me to eat or drink. The fact that children and grandchildren refuse the responsibility to take care of their grandparents and parents has caused many old people in the countryside to do hard work such as farming and logging trees. Thanks to information transmission from social networks, researchers can find information about the current situation of violence against the elderly; lawmakers and policy makers can also assess the situation of violence against the elderly, thereby, building recommendations and solutions to improve the law so as to promote the rights of this group. In addition, the community will come to know about violation cases and easily criticise these misbehaviors to protect the rights of the elderly in Vietnam. In this paper, the author will analyze some typical cases to clarify this point. The incident The daughter beat and dumped trash on the head of an 88-year-old mother: The clip was filmed by her grandchild shows that domestic violence in general and violence against the elderly in the family in particular is still common, tolerated by society and is largely omitted by law in Vietnam, because this behavior is mostly considered as an ethical violation and a private family issue. Therefore, it is often difficult to detect and there seem to be no specific statistics on this matter. Due to the development of digital technology, especially social networks, this behavior is promptly discovered, and the authorities are able to exploit information and evidence to prosecute the cases, establishing the deterrence towards the misbehaviors of relatives towards the elderly. On the other hand, thanks to the support of technology, the process of delivering or notifying judgments is done more quickly; the collection, protection and verification of evidence is also easier, more accurately through electronic mediums such as email, messages, web pages; and the trial is also more convenient thanks to video conference technology (audio recording, video recording). In this way, the rights of the elderly are also better guaranteed. However, from another perspective, the culture of social network of Vietnamese people has a specific characteristic, that is using the Internet for entertainment purposes, transmitting hot news and getting more like... Some elderly-related violence cases posted on social networks received harsh condemnation from the online community, but this is not enough to create a deterrent to these violations. In another word, in Vietnam, a civilized social network culture such as boycott culture for ethical violations has not been formed in the online community, thus being unable to create a strong wave of deterrence against violations. In conclusion, in Vietnam, due to the traditional ideology that has existed for many generations, domestic violence in general and domestic violence against the elderly in particular are considered as private matters. Hence, it is difficult to detect violations and media seems to be the only way to help society recognize this abuse. Most of the cases came to light when they already have long-term and serious effects not only on the physical health but also on the mental health of the elderly. However, it is also the current lack of proper orientation in mass communication that creates a barrier to behavior change in mistreating the elderly. Media only reports the situation but do not call for solutions, most of them ended with bare articles about the incidents and did not create a strong wave of protests that could lead to practical supporting action projects for the old people. ҹ޸þ only satisfies the curiosity of readers, instead of solving the issues of changing perceptions and behaviors regarding the abuse of the elderly today. * Right to search for jobs Currently, Vietnamese people (including the elderly) can search for jobs on specific websites such as careerbuilder.vn, mywork.com.vn, and vietnamworks.com, jobstreet.vn. It can be seen that digital technology offers the fastest job hunting opportunities for employees in general and the elderly in particular. However, compared to South Korea, Vietnam has not yet had detailed, specific and practical policies for this group of people. A website system designed specifically for the elderly is till missing. As a result, the job search process at the joint job search sites will not be effective for the exercise of this populations labor rights. The reason stems from the traditional Vietnamese belief that the elderly are the subjects of care and they should take time to rest, instead of belonging to the working group. However, according to data from the 2014 - 2049 Population Census and Forecast on population aging in Vietnam in the future are as follows: Population aging index in Vietnam: PeriodAverage increase of the number of elders annuallyRate of increasing the elderly in the population (%)1979 198993 0008.71989 1999155 00012.91999 2009126 00013.32009 2014348 00037.42014 2019387 00039.62019 2024536 00068.32024 2029564 00093.62029 2034565 000115.4(Source: The 2014 - 2049 Population Census and Forecast on population aging) Vietnam has passed the golden demographic period and starts to enter the period of aging population. This will inevitably have an impact on funding, subsidies, pension payments and other rights in community interaction. In fact, nowadays the elderly tend to look for income through acquaintances, family companies or friends, relatives as job centers have no demand for the elderly. Therefore, in many cases, despite digital technology, the elderly still fell into poverty, unable to meet the minimum financial needs. On the other hand, digital technology has many positive effects on the employment of workers, especially on the golden population in the country, opening up many opportunities to work in new technology fields; but at the same time threatening job opportunities in occupations that employ low-skilled workers, including the jobs for the elderly such as traditional occupations and simple jobs. * Right to health care Digital technology has a great impact on the elderlys right to health care. With the aid of modern technology and advanced machines, the quality of medical care is improved, meaning the longer longevity of the elderly. Besides, the development of digital technology has pushed the health sector to quickly absorb healthcare knowledge and experience globally; hence, the elderly can also enjoy these benefits. However, according to Vimec Hospitals data on the mental health of the elderly, 15% of the elderly in the community and in nursing homes have symptoms of depression. Age itself is not a risk for depression, but widowing and chronic general illness are factors that drive depression to emerge. On the other hand, along with the effects of digital technology, a fairly common situation today is that the elderly become lonely and isolated due to generation gaps. Under the influence of social networks, Internet and smartphones, regardless of rural or urban areas, the traditional culture of family reunion, communication and chatting among generations have gradually lost; instead, people are less communicative and more focused on communicating in the virtual world. In many cases, the elderly have to live alone, while generation gap and other factors even increase their loneliness and isolation more. Declining health, mobility and walking ability restrict the elderly from movements. The death of friends, differences in perception compared to the offspring, reduced vision and hearing ability are all factors that cause the elderlys communication to be limited. Living alone thus will increase the dangers in unexpected and urgent cases such as stroke. However, looking at the positive side of digital technology for the elderly, we also see that older people can use online tools to connect with friends and family through texting, video chat or social networking, even when people cant visit each other back and forth. This can significantly reduce immediately the loneliness problem among the elderly, though the lack of direct communication is the main cause that makes the elderly more susceptible to loneliness and depression. In many cases, the elderly with high skills and proficient use of the Internet may receive a lot of support from technology. They can contact health care providers when needed, receive health information from hospitals, update world news through emails, online newspapers or blogs and social networking sites without leaving home. Technology equipment can also become a spiritual friend to help the elderly relax. However, the culture of the elderly in Vietnam (especially in rural areas) hardly associates with social networks, Internet, but only access to a number of media mediums such as television and radio. Meanwhile, there is a lack of comprehensive programs for the elderly in these mediums. 3. Current situation of digital technology impacts on the exercise of the rights of the elderly in Vietnam Digital technology and information storage on the elderly's rights implementation Digital technology plays a very important role in archiving information about the situation of ensuring the rights of the elderly in practice, so that people can easily access to those information. For example, when visiting the website of the Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs, people can access some statistical information such as The State budget has been allocated and spent appropriate resources to ensure the implementation of social security policies, to pay monthly pension to more than 3.1 million people; 95% of the elderly have health insurance cards; more than 1.7 million old people receive monthly social aid; more than 1.068 million elders receive special birthday gifts for their longevity; more than 112,276 batches of the elderly get discounted road tickets; 59,498 batches of old people get discount on water tickets; 653,864 batches of the elderly get discounted rail tickets; 6,867 batches of the elderly receive discounts on air tickets. There are over 106 central and provincial hospitals with a geriatrics department; nearly 1,000 medical examination departments have separate examination rooms or arrange separate examination tables for the elderly; more than 10,183 priority patient beds for the elderly, more than 1.57 million elders have health monitoring records. However, the storage of information on ensuring the rights of the elderly in Vietnam is assessed as incomplete and incomprehensive, and in many cases, difficult for people to access information as well. Obviously, Vietnam has not taken full advantage of the digital technology to archive information on the elderly and the exercise of their rights. Digital technology and corruption, the rights of the elderly All over the world, digital technology has made very positive and practical contributions to statistics in general and to the statistical work on the rights of the elderly in particular. However, in Vietnam, statistics on the health care system for the elderly, as well as statistics on activities promoting the rights of the elderly are still scattered, and lack of transparence about financial allocation and decentralization to exercise the rights of the elderly. Many documents are not stored on social networks and the access to information sources in Vietnam is still limited. Therefore, corruption in the decentralization of financial resources through stages from top to bottom still exists. The openness and transparency through digital technology are still limited. Digital technology and the propaganda about the rights of the elderly to the beneficiaries themselves as well as to the officials in charge of policies related to the elderly Taking advantage of digital technology in propagating and disseminating information to the beneficiaries of the rights (the elderly) and to the officials in charge of policies related to the elderly have been done quite well in practice through activities of the Association of the Elderly in Vietnam and information posted at http://hoinguoicaotuoi.vn/. At this website, citizens can access all legal documents related to this target group and information about the activities of the elderly such as Action Month for Vietnamese elders: Ethics of Vietnamese people; giving gifts to poor elders in My Tho city, Tien Giang province; celebrating the longevity of the elders on the Traditional Day of the Elderly and the Day of Vietnamese elders in Thanh Khe Dong Ward (Da Nang City). However, a limitation in propaganda through social networks is that it has not fully utilized the advantages of digital technology; hence, the rights of the elderly have not been well protected in practice. In fact, mass media mainly considers the activities to help the elderly, especially the poor, as humanitarian activities, presenting the tradition and social ethics of Vietnamese people. The elderly have not been considered as subjects to actively enjoy their rights. On the other hand, in 63 provinces across the country today, there are no separate websites for the elderly; therefore, the propaganda and information dissemination in the application of social networks is not yet comprehensive. Access to information about the elderly is still very general, not specific in each region. Digital technology and online sales system to serve the needs of the elderly In Vietnam, under the development of digital technology, online sales systems serving the needs of the people in general and the elderly in particular have been developed throughout the country. The elders can order online through systems such as shopee.vn, lazada.vn, or use smartphones to rent means of transport such as grabbike, grabfood, grabtaxi... In particular, the elderly are getting familiar with the supermarket exclusively for the elderly through the website sieuthinguoigia - this is deemed as an achievement in applying information technology to better serve the target market of the elderly, initiated by Mr. Nguyen Tien Thanh at the end of 2013. However, this online supermarket system has not attracted lots of attention as many old people in Vietnam have not grown the habit of online shopping. In many cases, the elders are poor. They belong to ethnic minorities or live in rural areas and do not have high consumption needs. 4. Experiences of applying digital technology to promote the rights of the elderly in some countries * Korea: In Korea, the government applies digital technology in promoting the rights of the elderly by establishing employment websites for the elderly. These sites are built by the Welfare Center for the Elderly, the Elderly Club, and the Association of the Elderly. * China: In China, the government applies digital technology in promoting the rights of the elderly through the creation of apps for the elderly. For example, technology companies designed fitness aid apps or dancing apps dedicated for the elderly (Tangdou) which is currently being used by more than 200 million users in China. However, the elderly in rural areas show little interest in technology equipment or cannot keep up with the agility of the technology. As a result, much enjoyment of the rights that technology brings to the elderly is absent there. The thing is how can they integrate with modern life, and access new technologies actively and positively. * Japan: The recent United Nations population report affirms that Japan will remain to be the worlds oldest country for at least the next few decades. The report predicts that the proportion of people aged 65 and over in Japan will increase from 28% currently to 38% by 2050. By then, Japans population will also decline by nearly 20%. Japan ensures the rights of the elderly by promoting research into aged care technologies - digital care systems, integrated with rich data and medical technologies. To be specific, this system collects data from the patients wards, including patients health information such as blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, clinical tests as well as treatment methods and sends them directly to the server. By monitoring in detail this information source, doctors and health care providers can offer a variety of care and treatment modalities. The running of this system in practice is considered to be of utmost importance in promoting and protecting health. Erwin Bttinger, Director of the Center for Digital Health, the Hasso Plattner Institute (Germany) and the worlds leading expert in digital healthcare innovation, commented: I am completely impressed with what is happening in Japan. The benefits of digitalization and artificial intelligence to citizens and society will play an important role in improving health care services and peoples health in the distant future. And humans all acknowledge that Japan is one of the developed countries in technology, including advanced technologies to address the needs of an aging society. This is an opportunity for private businesses to develop products to meet the needs of the elderly, such as artificial intelligence wheelchairs that can automatically move on the road in a pre-programmed route, and multi-functional beds that can help the elderly to live more independently. Promoting this kind of business can help reduce the burden on health care workers as well as improve their productivity. 5. Some recommendations Experiences from Japan, China, and Korea are the basis for the author to make some recommendations in this paper. To be specific, Vietnam needs to have policies to encourage and support private companies to import/ purchase entertainment software or produce advanced products to meet the health care needs of the elderly. However, there is a fact that in Vietnam, especially in some rural areas, though digital technology spreads across regions, the ability of the elderly to use digital technology as well as the Internet is rather limited. Consequently, the elderly in Vietnam tend to be marginalized due to difficulty in accessing to new technology applications. Therefore, the Party and State need to have appropriate policies to improve the practical ability of the elderly under the impacts of digital technology. Next, it is necessary to take advantage of the digital revolution to develop job websites and online supermarket systems for the elderly. Currently, the working population is still plentiful, the unemployment rate among the young is still high, the demand for jobs from the elders has not been mentioned, and consumption demand is also not high. Yet in the process of aging population in the future, it would be worthwhile considering jobs for the elderly as well as online supermarkets for them. Currently, in Vietnam, there are very good policies to take advantage of the wisdom of the elderly such as raising the retirement age for women and men, increasing working age for the people who hold titles such as PhDs, associate professors, professors. However, in the future, the government will need to set up a separate job search website for the elderly and offer a specific job system tailored to the health of this target group as well as providing support in setting up online supermarkets for the elderly. Then, as mentioned above, there is still a lack of a social support mechanism for the elderly to feel happy about their mental health based on digital technology such as chat programs with the elderly, health care program for the elderly on radio, television, and private websites for healthcare for the elderly. Another thing is that, there is no mechanism to inform about violence cases happened to the elders. Currently in Vietnam, there are only regulations on acts of violence and abuse related to children, and people can call number 111 to report children-related abuse cases. Therefore, the Government should take into account these issues to ensure the rights and benefits of the elderly. Finally, it is necessary to build a digital technology access culture among the elderly, especially in rural areas and ethnic minority areas. A characteristic of the elderly in Vietnam, including the elders in urban areas, is that they have no need and habit of using technology; instead, they mostly spend time helping their children, traveling, and taking rest. Clearly, the traditional perception that the old should rest and do not work needs to be changed. When looking at the role of the elderly in society, instead of looking the elderly as passive recipients of care and social security, it is necessary to approach them as an active subject of rights, who proactively access rights and proactively access information regarding their rights and interests. For example, they can actively search for information related to health insurance policies, social insurance, aid, social salary, and health care programs. However, in order to build a culture of access to digital technology, the role of the Party, State and Government of Vietnam in promoting digital technology access culture for the elderly is indispensable. The mission of the Government is to set up useful employment websites for the elderly, to import entertainment programs so that the elders have access to these programs, to provide health settings based on achievements of digital technology, which can bring practical benefits to the elderly such as automatic phone numbers that the elderly can contact in case of emergency (for poor elders, homeless elders, and the elders who live alone). The Government needs to ensure the enforcement of the right of access to information in general and the right of access to information about the rights of the elderly in particular in practice. To be precise, it is useful to take advantage of digital technology to promote transparency, clarity, and detailed information in delivering information to the elderly. These activities will directly affect the needs, desires and interests of the elderly, thus promoting the culture of accessing digital technology among the elderly. In addition to building a culture of digital technology access for the elderly, the Government also needs to build a social network culture in the right direction for the general public in order to create a strong wave of condemnation which can act as a deterence towards violations. References 1. Associate Professor, Dr. Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai, Assurance of human rights in Vietnam in the context of the industrial revolution 4.0, Ministerial-level research project, Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, 2019. 2. Domestic violence against the elderly: A pressing issue, posted on: http://hanoimoi.com.vn/ban-in/Doi-song/532848/van-de-buc-xuc 3. The daughter beat and dumped rubbish on the head of the 88-year-old mother, posted on https://thanhnien.vn/doi-song/con-gai-danh-dap-do-rac-len-dau-me-gia-88 -cross-clip-to-go-to-shoot-1276099.html 4. Beware of depression in the elderly after retirement, posted on  HYPERLINK "https://www.vinmec.com/en/tin-tuc/thong-tin-suc-khoe/canh-giac-voi-tram- cam-o-people-high-old-after-after-a-huu /" https://www.vinmec.com/en/tin-tuc/thong-tin-suc-khoe/canh-giac-voi-tram- cam-o-people-high-old-after-after-a-huu / 5. The role of social insurance and health insurance policies for the country's social security, posted on: http://molisa.gov.vn/Pages/tintuc/chitiet.aspx?tintucID 6. Online supermarkets for the elderly and turnover of hundreds of millions per month, https://hocvien.haravan.com/blogs/cau-chuyen-thanh-cong/sieu-thi-nguoi-gia-online-va-doanh-thu -tram-million-new-month 7. Artificial Technology - Some issues affecting society, http://www.noip.gov.vn/hoat-ong-shcn-quoc-te/-/asset_publisher/7xsjBfqhCDAV/content/cong-nghe -tri-tue-to-me-a-van-e-anh-to-xa-hoi 8. General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2016), The 2014 - 2049 Population Census and Forecast on population aging, Hanoi ҹ޸þ Publishing House.  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