ࡱ>  tCbjbjΚΚ q:s $ P*!F!$ 3Lj"j":""""""L2N2N2N2N2N2N2,Q47z2 """""z2# ""2:###"v " "L2#"L2##M/c2IE#14822<3147#7h2# 2 """z2z2#"""37""""""""" |:   * INTERPRETATION - "Department" means College/School/Department/Centre/Unit as relevant. GENERAL There are several forms of non-ionising electromagnetic radiation and these differ from x-rays, gamma rays etc. (ionising radiation), in than they are of longer wavelength (lower energy) and do not cause ionisation in matter. Non-ionising radiation includes ultraviolet (UV), visible light and infra red (IR) in the optical spectrum to microwave, radio-frequency radiation, electric and magnetic fields. HAZARDS Hazards of Ultra Violet and Infra Red Radiation UV light is emitted by UV lamps, arc welding, plasma torches and many high intensity sources such as glass blowing with silicon (quartz), sterilisation and chromatography operations. Infra red radiation (IR) is emitted when matter is heated and the main biological effects of exposure is heating of the skin and cornea. Long term exposure can cause cataracts. Exposure to UV light causes acute damage to eyes and skin, resulting in conjunctivitis and eye and skin burns. Long term effects may result in cataracts and skin cancer. Ozone gas may also be produced. Infra red radiation and UV light is invisible to the human eye Hazards of Laser Radiation The name laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Lasers by definition emit radiation either continuously (CW - continuous working) or in short pulses, the duration of which can vary from a few milliseconds (10-3s) to sub-picosecond (10-12s). Optical radiation having wavelengths from 200mm to 1mm penetrates the body only to a limited extent, so the effects of accidental exposure are restricted to the eyes and skin. In general, the type of injury depends on the wavelength on the radiation and on the duration of exposure. Laser sources of radiation in the UV, visible and IR regions deliver large amounts of energy to distant targets because of their very low beam divergence. These will cause severe damage to the eye, such as retinal burns and corneal damage. It is highly monochromatic i.e. the radiation has a very narrow optical bandwidth -it is one very pure colour (which may be infrared or ultraviolet, and therefore invisible to the human eye. Hazards arise in addition to that of the laser radiation itself. These include shocks from electrical equipment, exposure to intense light from conventional sources used to pump lasers, toxic chemicals used in the laser or associated with the matter irradiated, explosion of vessels, fire, production of ozone, use of cryogenic coolants and X-rays generated by high voltage rectifiers. Hazards of Radio-Frequency & Microwave Radiation Radio-frequency radiation is emitted by equipment such as radar units, communication transmission systems and microwave ovens. Microwave radiation lies in the frequency range of 300MHz to 30GHz while radio-frequency equipment (generally used for heating) operates at lower frequencies depending on its application. Microwaves at frequencies over 3GHz are either reflected, or are absorbed by the skin and can be felt by heating of surface tissue. Between 1 and 3GHz they can penetrate the skin and the fat layer beneath subject to individual variations. Frequencies below 1GHz penetrate the deep tissue without any sensation of heating. Different parts of the body vary in susceptibility to these effects. The eyes and other organs that cannot readily dissipate heat are most vulnerable. These can penetrate the body and produce internal heating effects. The organs considered to be most at risk are the testes and eyes. There is also considerable debate about whether non-thermal harmful effects can also occur. Like microwave equipment, radio-frequency (r.f.) equipment may constitute a double danger both from normal electrical hazard and from local burns arising from contact with the work coil or electrodes, or from heat produced by induced currents in metal objects like rings and watches. (Any person who has a bone pinned with metal must be careful not to expose himself to these radiations as damage may be caused before he/she is aware of the danger). All r.f. heating coils must have a substantial earth connection and be isolated from the high voltage by blocking capacitors of adequate working voltage. RISKS The risks associated with the aforementioned hazards are to be assessed by the Department (using the appropriate technical input where necessary). These assessments shall be carried out using: Check lists provided (where applicable) and Departmental Hazard Identification/Risk Assessment Work Sheets contained in Document No.3 i.e. Departmental Hazard Risk Assessment (D.H.R.A.). ARRANGEMENTS AND CONTROLS REQUIRED These hazards and risks will be minimised by the following: 18.27.4.1 Ultra-Violet (UV) and Infra-Red (IR.) radiation arrangements and controls: SUITABLE EYE-PROTECTION MUST ALWAYS BE WORN WHEREVER THERE IT A POSSIBILITY OF DIRECT EXPOSURE TO UV LIGHT i.e. latest BS-EN 170 or latest BS-EN 171 TO INFRARED RADIATION. Do not remove protective screens on UV equipment when the lamp is in operation. To ensure ozone generated by UV, work is kept below the recommended exposure limit of 0.1 ppm. Burning magnesium and other intense light sources have a high UV content so eye protection is required. All UV lamps and high intensity sources should be suitably enclosed and ventilated to prevent exposure. Where there is also potential exposure to harmful gases, suitable respiratory protection must be worn. UV lamps and high intensity sources must not be used where there is a danger of igniting vapour/air mixtures. Certain high-pressure UV lamps such as those found on UV microscopes operate at pressures up to 200 atmospheres. Failure of the glass envelope (which in some cases is related to the age of the lamp) can be explosive and so manufacturer's instructions for the use and replacement of lamps must be adhered to. Guidelines for the safe installation of ultra-violet sources include: Warning signs must be used at every UV installation. The exact location of the signs and the message they convey will vary with the different types of installation. It is generally desirable to post a sign outside a room housing a UV installation. Where manual switches are used to control high intensity UV sources, the switches should be located outside the room, preferably near the door. 18.27.4.2 Laser arrangements and controls: Safe levels for laser exposure and safe systems of work with lasers are given in the latest BS EN Standard on Safety of Laser Products. It is important to realise that the levels of exposure, which must not be exceeded at the surface of the eye, are very low. The levels relating to CW visible laser radiation are 10-5W mm-2 for short exposures and 10-7W mm-2 for longer periods. For pulsed visible lasers the exposure level can be low as 5 x 10-9J mm-2 per pulse. A classification system is used to assess the potential optical hazards associated with lasers. Nowadays, laser manufacturers are required to supply full details on the classification of each product but inevitably there will be older lasers in use, and some constructed by the ҹ޸þ itself, which will predate such requirements. These must be assessed and classified by the Departmental Laser Supervisor (DLS) with the help of the ҹ޸þ Radiation Protection Officer (RPO). All lasers in use on ҹ޸þ premises must be registered with the ҹ޸þ RPO through the Departmental Laser Supervisor. Risks associated with the classification of laser power are as follows: Class 1: No risk - no precautions needed. (The system is considered to be 'safe by design'). Class 2 & 3A: Low risk, however, viewing of the direct beam or specular reflections viewing must be avoided. Class 3B: Medium risk - Viewing of direct beam and specular reflections is dangerous and must be avoided. However, reflections are not dangerous unless the laser is used with other optical equipment. Class 4: High risk - both direct and diffusely reflected radiation may be dangerous. Potential fire hazard. 18.27.4.2 Laser arrangements and controls (contd.): The latest BS EN Standard on Safety of Laser Products, equipment classification and users guide, contains tables which detail for different laser wavelengths, the Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) levels for eyes and skin which must not be exceeded if injury is to be avoided. In addition, it specifies an Accessible Emission Limit (AEL) for each class of laser. AEL is defined as the maximum accessible emission level permit within a hazard class for a laser product before the product has to be designated as a higher class. This classification not only serves to indicate the danger level of the particular laser; it also indicates the safety precautions that must be taken. Work with lasers at UCC must be carried out according to the Guidance Notes on the Safe Use of Lasers at UCC (1998). These guidance notes are designed to assist those responsible for the use of lasers to ensure that the work is carried out in a safe manner. As a general guideline for the safe operation and use of lasers the following procedures and controls must be implemented: (a) Administrative Controls, (b) Engineering Controls and (c) Personal Protection. The following administrative controls must be implemented: All laser work with Class 3 and 4 lasers must be undertaken in a Designated Laser Area (DLA). 2. Authorised access to the DLA must be in accordance with the rules and procedures laid down by the Departmental Laser supervisor of the Department or Unit. 3. Warning signs carrying the laser classification must be posted at access points to the DLA. Red warning light or flashing amber light must be installed at the entrance to the DLA. Only persons who are familiar with the Guidance Notes on the Safe Use of lasers at ҹ޸þ College, Cork can operate laser systems within the DLA. Persons intending to use lasers must: Read the Guidance Notes on the Safe Use of Lasers at ҹ޸þ College Cork. View the video Laser Safety in Higher Education. Sign a document stating that they have complied with (a) and (b) above. Undergraduate work on lasers should be restricted to lasers of Classes 1, 2 and 3A with special permission. Departmental Laser Supervisors must work in close liaison with the College Radiation Protection Officer, who, in turn, reports regularly to the College Radiation Protection Committee. Other requirements include: Doors to rooms containing Class 3B and 4 lasers should be interlocked with the power supply to the laser. Experiments and demonstrations must be subject to a written "Approved Scheme of Work" drawn up by the members of staff in charge in conjunction with the DLS, and approved by the ҹ޸þ RPO. Key control (to prevent unauthorised use), beam path enclosures, provision of PPE. Ensure that the laser beam or its reflections are not directed towards the students as it could damage their eyes The room should not be darkened more than necessary so that the pupil of the eye is over dilated Apparatus should be arranged so that any reflections should occur in a vertical plane and not horizontally as this reduces the irradiating risk. Only trained and authorised personnel should operate the laser apparatus. Use a matt surface as a target to terminate the laser beam. Laser hazard warning signs appropriate to the nature and class of lasers being used must be displayed at all locations where lasers are used or in operation, in compliance with current Safety Signs regulations. Every attempt must be made to use the least hazardous laser practicable for student experimental work and lecture demonstrations. It is good practice to arrange your examples in such a way that the laser light is at waist level. This minimises the potential danger. Personal eye protectors must comply with the latest BS EN Standard. Filters and equipment used for personal eye protection must comply with the latest BS EN Standard. Care must be taken to ensure that the optical density of the lenses is sufficient to reduce the laser radiation hazard below the maximum permitted exposure levels. Never rely on goggles to compensate for unsafe features of the laser system. 18.27.4.3 Microwave and Radio Frequency equipment arrangements and controls: Areas in which microwave or r.f. radiation of a power density of more than 10mW/cm2 is detected or suspected should be considered hazardous and warning signs posted. PERSONNEL MUST NOT BE PERMITTED WITHIN SUCH AREAS WHILE THE POWER DENSITY EXCEEDS THIS LEVEL. Personal exposure to lower levels should be held to a minimum. As the eyes are susceptible to this type of radiation, exposure must be kept below 1mW/cm2 during any period of 0.1hr particularly at frequencies around 3GHz. The most common use of microwaves at hazardous intensities is in electronic ovens. The ҹ޸þ Radiological Protection Service can provide advice on the safety of these devices. Precautions for the safe use of microwave or r.f. equipment include the regulations for high-voltage work as well as the following: Adequate guards must be fitted to prevent accidental contact with work coils and leads which if touched will give severe, deep-seated, slow-healing burns. Such burns can also be caused by contact with electrodes on dielectric bag sealers. If anything abnormal occurs during an experiment, the heaters must be switched off immediately. Adjustments or modifications to r.f. Heaters or ancillary equipment may only be carried out by authorised personnel, and only after the apparatus has been isolated from the power supply. Suitable screens must be provided to avoid dangerous voltages being induced in neighbouring metallic equipment, which must be effectively earthed. All exposed permanent coils and leads should be painted a distinctive colour (with high temperature paint) and suitable warning notices must be prominently displayed in the vicinity of the apparatus. Where microwave ovens are in use the closing mechanism must be in good repair and monitored. Where there is any doubt, a field strength meter should be used for monitoring. 18.27.5 ARRANGEMENTS AND CONTROLS The details of the Arrangements and Controls in place and those required in the short, medium and long term, shall be set out by the Department in the forms provided in Document No.4 i.e. Departmental Safety Action Plan (D.S.A.P.). These Arrangements and Controls shall be reviewed and updated on a yearly basis. 18.27.6 RESPONSIBILITIES The following personnel are responsible in the Department/Office/Area for ensuring the implementation and ongoing compliance with the aforementioned arrangements and controls. AREA/LOCATIONPERSON RESPONSIBLE1.2.3.4.5.6.   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