ࡱ> xzw \bjbjΚΚ ugSg$P, $P * 4!!!!!!Y)[)[)[)[)[)[),+F.)!!!!!)"!!):"""!v!!Y)"!Y)""n&%)N,F!( E))<*) .".@%)"%) !!!))"!!!*.!!!!!!!!! ~:   * INTERPRETATION - "Department" means College/School/Department/Centre/Unit as relevant. 18.30.1 INTRODUCTION Under current Health & Safety legislation employers must provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) where risks to health or safety cannot be avoided by technical means or methods. The fundamental principle is that PPE should only be used as a last line of defence only to be used when the hazards cannot be controlled at source by other means. However, it should always be considered as a last resort when protecting employees from exposure from chemical, physical and biological agents in the workplace. Examples of situations where the use of PPE may be necessary: Where it is not technically feasible to achieve adequate control by other means alone Where PPE is required to safeguard health until such time as adequate control by other means is achieved Where urgent action is required such in plant failure and the only practical solution is PPE During routine maintenance operations Protecting hands/clothing when dispensing chemicals While in most cases PPE appears to be a cheap solution to the alternative of providing engineering control methods, on closer scrutiny it involves many factors and increases management problems in the long term. It is preferable to use engineering controls and methods to avoid the need for increased supervision, storage, maintenance, repair, inspection and training. One should aim to change the process, operation or substitute less hazardous substances or use operator isolation or bar access to hazard zones. These alternatives only are viable when the hazards are clearly identified, a mandatory risk assessment is carried out and the appropriate controls put in place. This would show what is the safest method to be used in each instance. However, it is accepted that where engineering controls are not reasonably practicable, PPE may be the only effective way of ensuring employee protection. In all cases the PPE should conform to the latest BS EN Specifications including the pertinent guides to the selection, care and maintenance of the Personal Protective Equipment required. The use of PPE is obviously important to enable personnel to enter a potentially dangerous environment, especially for emergency rescue or escape. However, whether used in the short term or long term, personal protection is unlikely to provide adequate protection, unless it is based on a pre-analysed system that ensures correct selection, fitting, maintenance, training and monitoring usage. Prior to resorting to the use of PPE, every effort should be made to eliminate or reduce the occupational hazard(s). The hierarchy of actions, in order of preference, is: Eliminate the hazard. Minimise or reduce the hazard. Isolate the hazard. Bar access to the hazard area. Use PPE. Establishing a successful PPE scheme is not just a question of obtaining the best equipment, it also depends on people wearing it correctly and at all times exposed to danger. The best PPE plan is one to phase out its use altogether, (except for emergency use!), when methods become available to make the workplace safe. It also must be borne in mind that standard personal protective equipment (PPE) may not suit all sizes/shapes of personnel, may be uncomfortable to wear and may lead to other hazards e.g. lack of vision, inability to hear/see clearly etc. 18.30.2 HAZARDS The hazards associated with PPE depend on a variety of factors, and the actual level of protection may be less than theoretical level, if the equipment e.g. face mask does not fit correctly. PPE may also restrict the wearer or effect the wearer's performance. Sometimes the wearer feels psychologically more protected than is actually the case. In these cases it may not prevent damage to eyes, skin, respiratory system, limbs, organs, hearing etc. The degree of damage will range from the nature and amount of exposure to physical, chemical or biological agents and the degree of protection offered by the type of PPE used. 18.30.3 RISKS The risks associated with the aforementioned hazards are to be assessed by the Department (using the appropriate technical input where necessary). These assessments shall be carried out using: Check lists provided (where applicable) and Departmental Hazard Identification/Risk Assessment Work Sheets contained in Document No.3 i.e. Departmental Hazard Risk Assessment (D.H.R.A.). 18.30.4 ARRANGEMENTS AND CONTROLS REQUIRED These hazards and risks will be minimised by the following arrangements and controls: 18.30.4.1 Eye and Face protection Eye protection takes the form of spectacles, goggles or face shields which are available in a wide range of types and sizes from suppliers. They must be appropriate to the hazard and comfortable to wear to prevent a tendency for the wearer to remove them occasionally during operations/use. Depending on the nature of the hazard, eye protection depends on a barrier that is transparent enough to allow good visibility to the user. The glasses may require to be strong where mechanical hazards are present and/or chemically resistant where harmful chemicals are present or designed to resist radiation hazards. While the eye is not a major route of entry for chemicals, it is composed of very thin skin, and certain vapours/gases can easily pass through it. However, the purpose of eye protection in laboratories and in the workplace is to prevent eye injury, irritation or allergic response due to simple and accidental contact with harmful conditions. Therefore eye and face protection must be provided to guard against: impact of small particles projected at low velocity impact of heavy particles projected at high velocity splashes of a hot, very cold or corrosive liquid contact with an irritating gas or vapour a beam of electromagnetic radiation of various wavelengths, including lasers Eye protection must be worn where corrosive materials are handled, where welding or using an abrasive wheel is carried out. It should also be worn when glass apparatus is evacuated or pressurised. Safety spectacles should conform to the latest BS EN Specification, which give guidance of the types suitable for various hazards, including high velocity impact, chemicals, dusts, gas and molten metal. (Chemical grade eye protection is necessary where mists/vapours are present with chemicals). The type of eye protection required may be specialised i.e. goggles or shields for hazardous operations and should therefore comply to the latest BS EN Specification - A Guide to the Selection, Care, Maintenance of Eye Protection. In laboratory environments or where chemicals are stored or in use, it is essential to wear eye protection at all times. Where laser light is used, advise should be sought from the ҹ޸þ Radiation Protection Officer. Where there is a requirement to wear eye protection, the relevant obligatory safety signs must be displayed. Establish system of training, fitting, maintenance and usage of eye protection equipment. Ensure there are adequate emergency eye wash fountains, eye wash bottles or even a fixed rubber tube on a convenient tap in areas where operations are carried out. 18.30.4.2 Skin and Body Protection Skin protection includes guarding hands, feet and body from damage from the following: Corrosive or dermatitis causing agents Substances that may be absorbed into the body via the skin Extremes of temperature Electromagnetic radiation (ionising and non-ionising) Physical damage A certain number of substances can enter the body via the skin and in all cases where contact with such substances is likely, suitable protection must be afforded. The PPE must be composed of materials that prevent penetration. Since the skin is an elastic protective envelope, which secretes an oily substance, it is essential that it should not be in contact with solvents, alkalis, corrosives etc., which would degrease it and cause various skin diseases. The hands should always be protected from chemicals, harsh environments and physical damage. 18.30.4.2 Skin and Body Protection (Cont.) Skin and body protection is provided by a large number of commercially available products, these include clothing, gloves, suits, aprons, overalls, boots, shoes, headgear, harnesses, etc., Cotton or polyester cotton coats are recommended for general use in laboratories. (Remember however, cloth-coats are primarily for the protection of clothes, not the user!). Nylon or man made synthetics are not as absorbent and also may allow the accumulation of static. These are available in different types and materials and the choice for which it is to be selected must take into consideration the nature and degree of the hazard involved. Advice should be sought from the makers regarding the suitability of the materials used, as some substances readily diffuse through some plastics and synthetic materials. 18.30.4.2.1 Protective Hand Wear Adequate supplies of gloves appropriate to the hazards present (e.g. heat, cold, corrosive or toxic materials, cutting or mechanical abrasion). Gloves for cryogenic liquids should be loose fitting, so that they can be flicked off, if cold liquid gets inside. Disposable plastic gloves should be worn, where acids, alkalis and organic liquids are handled. Since gloves are made of different materials, they have variable resistance to solvents and other substances. Advice should be sought from supplier on their chemical resistance spectrum and suitability. Contaminated gloves must be washed before removal and not allowed to contaminate door handles, switches, taps, pens, notebooks etc. Gloves should be examined before use for tears, punctures or discoloration. Reusable gloves e.g. leather for broken glass, synthetic materials for temperature extremes or electrical work should be replaced periodically, depending on frequency of use and condition. NOTE: Powder free latex gloves should be chosen instead of powdered latex gloves, as the latter can cause dermatitis in some individuals. 2 Protective Coats and Gowns Adequate supplies of body protection appropriate to the hazards present (e.g. heat, cold, corrosive or toxic materials, cutting or mechanical abrasion). Select the correct material and design for hazardous materials. Plastic offers more protection than cloth and maybe rinsed off. Laboratory coats should be worn at all times and should be regularly laundered. They should be designed so that they are easily removed. Cotton or polyester cotton coats are recommended for general use. (Remember however, cloth-coats are primarily for the protection of clothes, not user!) Nylon or man made synthetics are not as absorbent and also may allow the accumulation of static. Keep coats buttoned up and closed when in the laboratory environment. Laboratory coats must not be taken outside the laboratory, especially not into library or refreshment rooms. Aprons should be PVC or waterproof. If the risk of infection is the main consideration, surgical gowns or a coat complying with the recommendations of paragraph 7 of DHSS Code of Practice for the Prevention of Infection in Clinical Laboratories and Post-mortem Rooms (the Howie Code), provide a greater degree of protection from the neck down to the knee. They open down the back and are secured by Velcro . They may be removed by inverting and are more easily sterilised than conventional laboratory coats. They should, of course, be autoclaved before being sent for laundering Any work involving the risk of splashing of liquids (especially those which may be infective) requires a rubber or thick plastic apron to be worn over the usual laboratory coat. A leather apron is useful when handling a large container or an experimental animal, which cannot be held securely at arms length and needs to be held to the body. 18.30.4.3 Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) The main route by which harmful substances enter the body is by respiration and here RPE should only be used where it is not reasonably practicable to provide adequate protection using engineering means. Much of the Respiratory Protection Equipment now commercially available also provides protection for the eyes. 18.30.4.3.1 Main Respiratory Hazards Dusts - these are created when solid materials are ground or broken down into fine particles. The finer the dust the greater the hazard. Fumes - these are created when solid materials are vaporised under high temperatures, this vapour cools rapidly and condenses into fine solid particles. Mists - these are finely divided liquid droplets (aerosols) formed by atomisation or by condensation processes such as spraying. Vapours - these are the gaseous forms of materials that are either liquid or solids at room temperatures, created by the process of evaporation. Gases - these are free molecules created at ambient temperatures which fill all available space rapidly e.g. air. 18.30.4.3.2 RPE Selection The RPE must be selected on the basis of advice given in the latest BS EN Specification Recommendations for the Selection, use and maintenance of Respiratory Protective Equipment and should be adequate to protect the wearer, suitable for job being performed and match the equipment to the individual concerned. The UK Health & Safety Executive have published Certificates of Approval for various RPE and it may be useful to select equipment from these lists viz. Certificate of approval (RPE), form 2486 Certificate of approval (canister gas respirators) form 2502 Certificate of approval (breathing apparatus), form 2501 There are three factors involved for the degree of protection provided by RPE Filter Efficiency Fit On Face Seal Protection Factor Filter efficiency This is an intrinsic property of the filtering element used and the makers test the filters to published standards. Due consideration must be made appropriate to the demands made on them under various conditions of use e.g. capacity and penetration factors. Fit on Face Seal This is a significant problem with most face respirators, as while the filtering efficiency may be very good, it does not offer good protection to the user if the fit around the face is not snug and well sealed. With all negative pressure respirators i.e. where air is drawn in through filters by natural breathing, there is a natural tendency for the contaminated air to seek the line of least resistance. Any gaps between face and mask will provide access and increase exposure, especially when working hard and breathing faster. It is known that mens facial hair or beards prevent a good fit and reduce protection. Women also seem to have greater difficulty in getting good face fit than men but manufacturers are now addressing this concern. With positive pressure respirators i.e. filtered air is supplied by mechanical means, face fit is less important. However, poor face seal has a serious effect on the life of Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). Protection Factor To select a respirator that gives adequate protection one needs to know what the actual exposures are and then what reduction the respirator will give inside the mask. This is known as the protection factor is calculated as follows: Concentration in the environment ( Protection Factor (PF) Concentration in the face piece To select a respirator one need to know the physicochemical nature of the hazard, the ambient concentration, the recommended Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL) for the substance, [these are shown in the current edition of the Code of Practice for the Safety, Health & Welfare at Work (Chemical Agents) Regulations,], and the protection factor of the respirator. For example, it is not possible to provide protection against airborne solvents by using a respirator designed to protect against dust. Generally speaking, there is now a preference for air fed positive pressure respirators, which provide a plentiful supply of air to the breathing zone. This preference is because, however effective the negative pressure filtration medium is, there is always the risk that contaminated air will be drawn through gaps between the face and the respirator. 18.30.4.3.2 RPE Selection (contd.) Training shall be provided in the selection of RPE, its use, maintenance and limitations. RPE should be used strictly for emergency situations. In normal working, toxic gases, vapours and dusts should be contained using environmental hygiene techniques. Ensure that the RPE chosen for the hazard(s) is adequate to eliminate the risk or reduce it to below the occupational exposure standard. Recommendations made in latest BS EN specification 'The Selection, Use and Maintenance of Respiratory Protective Equipment' should be considered and adopted. Where the contaminant is unknown, always wear a self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus. Location of RPE should be well marked and displayed. N. B. See Appendix XV for Guide for the Selection of RPE 18.30.4.4 Hearing Protection This must be provided where employees may be exposed to noise levels between 85 dB(A) and 90dB(A) or over. These noise levels can only be determined by special noise meters to establish the spectrum and range of frequencies likely to be encountered during the working period. The choice of hearing protection equipment will depend of the determined levels and the attenuation performance of the form of protection being considered. These may be ear (hearing) defenders that cover the ears or ear plugs, which are inserted into the ears. In some situations, a combination of both may be necessary. Select the recommended type of ear protectors appropriate to the range of noise levels anticipated. These maybe re-usable or disposable ear plugs, semi-insert protectors (canal cups) or ear muffs. Where there is excessive noise levels in plant rooms, workshops or laboratories [i.e. greater than 85dB(A)], the appropriate ear protection warning notices should be displayed as per the current safety signs regulations Seek advice, if in doubt about the nature and level of noise emission. 18.30.4.5 Safety Footwear Safety footwear appropriate to the hazard should be worn where necessary i.e. static, electrical or wet floors, sharp objects underfoot on site, certain fieldwork, dispensing chemicals. Safety footwear should be available where heavy equipment e.g. gas cylinders have to be manhandled. Safety footwear should conform to the latest BS-EN Specification and issued to all those deemed to be at risk. 18.30.4.6 Safety Head Gear Where there is a danger of objects falling on personnel, the site should display regulatory warning notices for personnel to wear safety headgear. Where work is carried out on more than one level with workers and their equipment above each other, without a solid continuous floor between them, safety helmets to the latest BS EN Specification should be worn. 18.30.4.7 Training, Information & Consultation: Effective training, information, consultation is the key ingredient in the operation of well-managed Personal Protective Equipment programme. In addition it is essential that supervision of the wearing, cleaning and maintenance of all PPE is adhered to, as even the best protective equipment in the workplace will not provide protection if this is not carried out. Equally important, is the attitude of employees to the need to wear safety equipment, as an analysis of accidents of maintenance workers revealed that 4 out of 5 accidents could have been prevented, if PPE had been worn, due to employees ignoring instructions and inadequate supervision 18.30.4.8 Care and Maintenance As referred to earlier care and proper maintenance is essential since the safety of the wearer depends on its proper operation. Care in the cleaning of clothing and PPE must be regular and thorough otherwise carry over or cross contamination, from previous use, will contaminate the internal environment of equipment. Where filters have to be changed, this should be done on a regular basis; remember that the greater the contamination the more frequent the change. Where air is supplied either by air line or battery operated fan, regular checks must be made on the outflow. Where self-operated equipment is used, batteries must be properly charged. All equipment should be regularly inspected for wear and satisfactory fit. Remember badly fitting or wrongly worn equipment will not provide the required protection. NOTE: Where personal protective equipment is an essential part of a workers defence, provision must be made at dept. level for the hygienic storage of said PPE. A planned maintenance and inspection programme should also be operated at dept. level. 18.30.5 ARRANGEMENTS AND CONTROLS The details of the Arrangements and Controls in place and those required in the short, medium and long term, shall be set out by the Department in the forms provided in Document No.4 i.e. Departmental Safety Action Plan (D.S.A.P.). These Arrangements and Controls shall be reviewed and updated on a yearly basis. 18.30.6 RESPONSIBILITIES The following personnel are responsible in the Department/Office/Area for ensuring the implementation and ongoing compliance with the aforementioned arrangements and controls. AREA/LOCATIONPERSON RESPONSIBLE1.2.3.4.5.6.   DEPARTMENT SAFETY STATEMENT DOCUMENT NO. 2: Requirements for the Control of Hazards and Risks SECTION 18.30.0 - Personal Protective Equipment Rev.3 PAGE   PAGE 1 of  NUMPAGES 6 AppSc\Doc2\Sect18.30 DOCUMENT NO. 2: Requirements for the Control of Hazards and Risks SECTION 18.30.0 - Personal Protective Equipment (Cont.) 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