ࡱ> npm g<bjbjΚΚ qh3b$ $ $Ph94DDDDDD79999999999999,;>999:79793(9'I8"#99<98",?x,?D9x9 DDDe9e9xDDD9,?DDDDDDDDD$ :   * INTERPRETATION - "Department" means College/School/Department/Centre/Unit as relevant. 18.44.1 INTRODUCTION TO CONFINED SPACES The term confined space, as it refers to industrial action, usually refers to a space having a small volume with unfavourable atmospheres for respiration and one where irregular or infrequent entry is made for the purpose of inspection, maintenance, repair work, cleaning or painting. It is so enclosed that hazardous atmospheres cannot be removed or ventilated by natural means from the opening entry point. It may also be so confined that one may be constricted in the natural movements required to carry out certain operations, which in the normal course would not present any difficulty. Examples of such places include tanks, vats, silos, reaction vessels, boilers, large ducts, trenches, sewers, etc., the definition may also include any space not having the inherent safety features of an ordinary workroom. A confined space may be considered as one that, in addition to the to the absence of normal ventilation, may be as follows: The volume is so small that even uniform diffusion of evolving gases or vapours in the whole space would not always prevent the creation of toxic concentration in the employees breathing zone. Where flammable atmospheres are present, it may allow explosive/flammable concentrations to occur in the space. The employee may be on his/her own without the assistance of another who would keep him under visual or auditory supervision and be able to rescue him, should the hazards as referred to in (a) and (b) occur. 18.44.2 THE LAW All work in confined places is potentially dangerous, the Safety, Health & Welfare at Work (Confined Spaces) Regulations, requires departments/the College to carry out a risk assessment of all the risks, to include any which put employees at unusual risk. It also has specific requirements relating to the safety of the workplace Working in confined spaces requires that specific safety measures would be put in place by the person in charge, before any work is done, especially inside any confined space, if dangerous fumes are liable to be present, or where the proportion of oxygen in the air is substantially reduced. In these cases, the confined space must have a manhole, unless there are other conventional ways of egressing the space. The opening must be sufficiently large and free from obstruction, to allow the passage of persons wearing the necessary protective clothing & equipment, and to allow adequate access for rescue purposes. Safe work systems to be used in confined spaces are best laid down in writing in what are called PERMIT-TO-WORK systems or procedures (see Section 16.0 in Document No.1). These systems should ensure that the confined space is maintained in a safe condition while work is going on in it and are covered in detail below. The Confined Spaces Regulations are also reinforced with an associated Code of Practice for working in Confined Spaces called Safe Work in Confined Spaces. This lays down the conditions for working in confined spaces and covers inter alia: Defining, identification and key characteristics of confined spaces The hazards of confined spaces e.g. toxic atmospheres, oxygen deficiency or enrichment; Prevention of the need of entry, choice of work method and prevention of unauthorised entry Elements of Risk Assessment for confined spaces Elements of Safe Systems of Work in confined spaces Emergency and rescue procedures, training and equipment etc. Responsibilities of Employers and Employees Logic flow sheet for work in confined spaces and Permit to Work form 18.44.3 HAZARDS OF CONFINED SPACES 18.44.3.1 The work being executed in certain confined spaces may make the area hazardous in a variety of ways e.g. Painting, applying sealant or adhesives and using cleaning solvents, produce vapours with high concentrations of solvents. These may cause very serious toxic or narcotic effects if inhaled and may impair judgement, cause dizziness, collapse. If the vapours are flammable there is a high risk of fire or explosion. Using cryogenic gases for pipe freezing produce very cold atmospheres, which may cause oxygen deficiency or hypothermia, resulting in collapse or even death. LPG appliances and petrol or diesel equipment, adjacent or within these areas, may cause a build up of carbon monoxide. Leakage of gases from welding or LPG equipment could also cause fire. The employee usually working on his/her own The employee faces the physical constraints of wearing protective equipment in cramped conditions. 18.44.3.2 Some confined spaces may be intrinsically hazardous e.g. Manholes, tunnels, trenches etc., in limestone soil (which reacts with acid rain), can partly fill with carbon dioxide, which is an asphyxiating gas. Toxic or flammable gases can collect in underground pits, tanks etc., particularly near old gas works, storage tanks or dumps. Where tunnels or manholes are connected (even temporarily) to sewers, toxic and flammable gases may build up to lethal levels. Hydrogen sulphide is particularly toxic and dangerous. Sludges and other residues in pits, tanks etc., may if disturbed release dangerous gases which may be toxic, flammable or asphyxiating. Decaying vegetation, rusting metal work or other natural processes may consume the residual oxygen in the enclosed space or disused storage tank, so that any person working in this section could collapse due insufficient air. The entry points are so remote that ready access or egress for the removal of an overcome worker would be difficult. They may contain biological hazards that cause the worker to come into direct or indirect contact with rodents or infected urine. This may result in acute bacterial disease e.g. Leptospirosis (Weils disease) 18.44.4 RISKS The risks associated with the aforementioned hazards are to be assessed by the Department (using the appropriate technical input where necessary). These assessments shall be carried out using: Check lists provided (where applicable) and Departmental Hazard Identification/Risk Assessment Work Sheets contained in Document No.3 i.e. Departmental Hazard Risk Assessment (D.H.R.A.). 18.44.5 ARRANGEMENTS AND CONTROLS REQUIRED These hazards and risks will be minimised by the following arrangements and controls: Any person required to carry out work or have to enter confined spaces should be carefully selected and adequately trained for the work. They should be medically fit, strong, suffer from no disabilities e.g. respiratory or heart condition, fainting, skin disease, blood pressure, deafness etc. It would be essential that they be examined by a medical practitioner, conversant with the special problems that may be encountered in confined spaces, before engagement. The person in charge, prior to allowing anyone to work in a confined space, shall carry out a risk assessment. This risk assessment should be in accordance with the above Code of Practice for working in Confined Spaces. It is essential that a sufficient number of employees have been trained in the use of breathing apparatus, belts and ropes and in methods of restoring breathing e.g. CPR techniques, should one of their number be overcome by fumes or lose consciousness by asphyxiation. Consultation, information and regular training is the key to safety management in all work situations and equally employees are expected to co-operate with all safety requirements that are necessary for their welfare. Other recommended training would include recognition of the various hazards that may be encountered in confined spaces, use of Personal Protective Equipment and their limitations, permit-to-work systems, rescue procedures emergencies etc. ARRANGEMENTS AND CONTROLS REQUIRED (Cont.) No person may enter or be in a confined space unless: The atmosphere has been tested, using remote sampling equipment, for sufficient oxygen and is free of toxic gas. [NOTE: If there is toxic gas present or insufficient oxygen, then the worker or a rescuer in the case of an accident, must wear a suitable self-contained breathing apparatus, with an adequate supply of air for breathing (cylinder or airline).] Any flammable gases present have been purged or the oxygen supply is displaced, so that the flammable limits are not reached. They have been authorised to do so by the UCC person in charge of the work, using a permit-to-work system. Where practicable the are wearing a safety harness with rope, the free end which is held by a person keeping watch outside. N.B. the second person must be capable of pulling the first person out in an emergency. This will normally require the erection of a tripod on a pulley system. Suitable gas detectors with alarms must be in situ while work is in progress. In the case of (a) above, the person in charge must establish and certify (using a combination of proprietary atmospheric testing apparatus, forced/natural ventilation and spading off/isolation) that the confined space is free from hazardous gases, for a specified period, and is safe for entry without breathing apparatus. This should be stated on the permit-to work form. The person entering the confined space must be warned when the safe period will expire. The confined space must not be certified as safe in this way unless: Effective steps have been taken to prevent entry of dangerous fume through the use of forced ventilation and isolations/lock off. The space contains no sludge, residues, deposits or other materials liable to give off dangerous fumes. The space has been adequately purged and ventilated, has an adequate supply of clean air and is regularly tested for hazardous atmospheres using gas detectors with alarms. Sufficient reviving apparatus, oxygen, belts, ropes and approved breathing apparatus must be provided. These must be maintained, examined every month by a competent person. Records must be kept of the result of the monthly examinations. These should show the name of the manufacturer, description and ID numbers and condition of equipment Methods of purging will have to established i.e. inert nitrogen, steam, water that will match the nature of the hazard. Remember some fumes are heavier than air and only thorough testing at all levels will ensure that the asphyxiation will not occur from oxygen deficiency or toxicity. The Permit to Work should identify the types of work that may be carried out, materials or tools e.g. non-sparking, to be used. Also whether it is safe to use electrical equipment in the confined space. Where there is adjoining plant, equipment or valves procedures must be in place for isolation of anything that may endanger the worker. These could be fans, pumps, electrical switches or gas inlets. Arrangements should be in place to ensure all safety precautions are in place during working in these situations viz. Safety harness, lifting tripod, lifeline, signals, radio transmitter receivers, breathing, reviving apparatus and rescue procedures Expire times for working in the confined space and safe hand back procedures Adequate supply of respirable air must be maintained and supervised Avoid introduction and usage of oxygen within the confined space as a sweetener as it may increase fire risk. Where breathing apparatus (BA) is required it should be used, stored and maintained in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. All equipment should be to an approved standard and suitable for the task in hand. It should be comfortable for the employee to carry out his work in the conditions encountered. Safety harness and the lifeline rope should be constructed to meet current BS EN specifications. Lighting should be adequate for the work on hand but should be intrinsically safe electrically, where flammable vapours have been detected. All power tools should use compressed air to prevent electric shock unless not practicable. ARRANGEMENTS AND CONTROLS REQUIRED (Cont.) Personnel that are required to enter confined spaces, whether employees or scientific staff/students must be fully aware of the risks involved, received training and have all necessary safety and emergency equipment. Everyone should be instilled with safety consciousness where confined spaces are involved. Remember to report any defects noticed with the equipment used or any unforeseen hazards e.g. water seepage, unstable conditions. 18.44.6 ARRANGEMENTS AND CONTROLS The details of the Arrangements and Controls in place and those required in the short, medium and long term, shall be set out by the Department in the forms provided in Document No.4 i.e. Departmental Safety Action Plan (D.S.A.P.). These Arrangements and Controls shall be reviewed and updated on a yearly basis. 18.44.7 RESPONSIBILITIES The following personnel are responsible in the Department/Office/Area for ensuring the implementation and ongoing compliance with the aforementioned arrangements and controls. AREA/LOCATIONPERSON RESPONSIBLE1.2.3.4.5.6.   DEPARTMENT SAFETY STATEMENT DOCUMENT NO.2: Requirements for the Control of Hazards and Risks SECTION 18.44. 0 - Working in Confined Spaces Rev 2 PAGE   PAGE 1 of  NUMPAGES 4 AppSc\Doc2\Sect 18.44 DOCUMENT NO.2: Requirements for the Control of Hazards and Risks SECTION 18.44. 0 - Working in Confined Spaces (Cont.) 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