深夜亚洲福利久久

深夜亚洲福利久久paper Reactions to the Easter Rising in Cork, Part 3

By Alan McCarthy, UCC School of History

As reporters and correspondents filed their copy with their local and regional weekly newspapers for publication on Saturday 22 April 1916, all seemed normal.

The papers were filled with the usual advertisements for cattle, kidney pills and weather forecasts and, after two years, even the carnage and collective mass homicide being conducted on continental Europe was part of the 鈥榥ew normal鈥�.

The incendiary Rising of Easter 1916 was to change this situation for Irish journalists irrevocably. This is showcased by a sample of the reaction of local and regional newspapers throughout Ireland in 1916, below.

The rebels of Easter 1916  were greeted with an incredulous and ultimately sympathetic attitude, as the state of public opinion changed towards the Rising. Taking a broad view across the whole of Ireland, it is apparent that the reactions of most papers followed this pattern. Many key individuals at these papers would have considered themselves Redmondites, inevitably shaping their perspective.

To a certain extent, our historical understanding takes this change for granted: of course public opinion changed after the Rising. Here we will examine local and regional newspapers for more tangible explanation of the gradual sea-change in Irish politics.

The West's Awake

Having briefly flirted with the concept of the All-for-Ireland League, the Southern Star resolutely recommitted itself to the Irish Parliamentary Party and its leader John Redmond in 1910. This move would invite yet another exchange of jibes and diatribes between the Eagle and Star which characterised and enlivened their co-existence. 

Although the paper was often non-partisan, the All-for-Ireland League found a champion in the Eagle, whose primarily Protestant readership appreciated O鈥橞rien鈥檚 policy of 鈥楥onference, Conciliation and Consent,鈥� which stipulated that any form of Home Rule government for Ireland would have to be acceptable to the island鈥檚 Protestant population.

The stasis of fear and confusion that immediately followed the Rising was no doubt exacerbated by the lack of information emanating from the capital. Wild rumours gripped the nation. The Mayo 深夜亚洲福利久久 copied its initial reports on the Rising from the Irish Times, as rumours of a German invasion and national rising spread orally.[i] In the mass round-ups that followed the insurrection, the proprietor of the Mayo 深夜亚洲福利久久 was himself interned. This was despite the paper鈥檚 unblemished record with the authorities during his 23 year tenure as proprietor, his own commitment to the constitutional methods of the Irish Parliamentary Party, and the fact that his own brother was a Redmondite MP.[ii]

Until the Rising, the Galway Express was a similarly unoffending paper. By 1917, Ireland鈥檚 new Press Censor Lord Decies lamented that

The Galway Express has now changed hands, and was purchased by Dr. Walsh of Galway, and hitherto, it has been a Unionist paper, but it will now be found to be one of the strongest Sinn F茅in papers.

Following the Easter Rising of 1916, the Express had referred to the rebellion as a 鈥渞ank nauseating stain鈥� on the history of the country.[iii] In contrast, by the summer of 1918, the Sinn F茅in-supporting Express took the rather unique approach of discouraging recruitment to the British Army and disparaging the war effort by warning its readers about the dangers of syphilis being brought back from the front.[iv]

The Clare Champion in Ennis also drew the ire of the authorities. The military removed key sections of the press in April 1918. At the time, the paper was run by Sarsfield and Josephine Maguire, a sister of founding editor Tom Galvin.

The Maguires (sic) were given an ultimatum: if they guaranteed not to publish subversive and seditious articles, undermining the official Dublin Castle line, they could continue publishing. They refused, so the Clare Champion remained silent until September that year. -Hugh Oram [v]

The Connacht Tribune was supportive of both the Great War and the campaign to establish a munitions factory in Galway.[vi] Consequently, it was, like many of its contemporaries, aghast at the outbreak of the rebellion and gave extensive column space to the Committee of Public Safety formed in Galway against the 鈥渋ll-advised persons in the County of Galway, who have at a time when the valour of Irish troops has done so much to shed glory on the arms of the Empire, choose to shock and outrage public opinion by bloodshed and civil strife.鈥漑vii]

Certainly, the paper employed the most condemnatory language at its disposal in a bid at pacification. In reality, the Galway mobilisation had been shackled by indecision and like many other areas, impaired by the failed arms landing in Kerry.

In the midst of the Rising, the Connacht Tribune reported that Dr. Walsh (future owner of the Galway Express) had been taken in to custody.[viii] The subsequent executions throughout May 1916 were to have a mollifying effect on the paper, which had reacted more angrily than most to the rebellion. In a more reflective editorial on 13 May, the tone changed considerably:

We are now at a sufficient distance from the dreadful events that took place in Dublin during Easter Week to view them dispassionately.

After the executions, the paper proclaimed that the rebels did not take life 鈥渨antonly.鈥� Less than a month after the rebellion, this previously sympathetic paper negatively appraised the actions of the British Government towards Ireland.[ix]

The North Began

The newspaper market in Derry was similarly saturated, with popular titles including the nationalist Derry Journal and the unionist Londonderry Sentinel. Thrown into the mix in 1902 was the Derry People and Donegal 深夜亚洲福利久久, declaring that itself a 鈥渘ational journal, and will support the movement to make our native land a real Irish Ireland.鈥漑x] Before and after the Rising the paper carried essays on popular nationalist figures like John Mitchel and Hugh O鈥橬eill, but also mixed with coverage of the thousands of Irishmen at the Western Front.[xi] While arguing that the role of Dublin Castle was tottering, the paper was somewhat more conservative.

^{British troops go over the top of the trenches during the Battle of the Somme, 1916. (Photo by Paul Popper/Popperfoto/Getty Images)}

The main offices of the Derry People and Donegal 深夜亚洲福利久久 were in Omagh, Co. Tyrone, and Letterkenny, with the latter also being the home of the Derry Journal鈥檚 Donegal office. Later J.J. McCarroll took over The Derry Journal, whose circulation was concentrated in Donegal. Having been previously 鈥渞un on lines favourable to the Anti-Treaty section though not exclusively partisan鈥�, McCarroll and two others took over the paper in the autumn of 1922, using the pages of the paper to support the Treaty and the Free State government. Consequently, Eoin MacNeill sought to garner revenue for the paper by accepting extensive advertising for the government.[xiii]

Southern Hospitality

Down south The Kerryman, based in Tralee near Banna Strand, the site of Sir Roger Casement鈥檚 ill-fated landing, was one of the country鈥檚 most republican-minded papers. On the eve of the Rising, articles attacked both Redmond and 鈥榮honeenism鈥欌�漑xiv] Like many papers, the Kerryman found the loss of life that the Rising entailed abhorrent, but was full of praise and admiration for the fighting men and women.[xv] Having rowed in behind the rebels, the paper fell foul of censorship, as Decies suppressed the Kerryman during the summer of 1916. Furthermore, one its founders, Maurice Griffin, was arrested.[xvi]

The paper鈥檚 first editor, Tom Nolan, refused to accept this suppression and the damage it would reap on the paper鈥檚 circulation. Indeed, economic issues had already brought about the closure Tralee鈥檚 Kerry Evening Post, Kerry Sentinel and Kerry People in quick succession in the years post-1916. Tom arranged for the printing of the paper in Dublin and its transportation to Kerry by railwaymen sympathetic to the cause, and sold copies of the paper at Nolan鈥檚 pub in Tralee.[xvii] Later, the paper would be noted for its support for the Labour movement, provided it did not threaten Sinn F茅in鈥檚 political pre-eminence, a noteworthy idiosyncrasy for the Kerry weekly.[xviii] During the War of Independence, the offices of the paper were burnt out in a reprisal by Auxiliaries.[xix]

The Limerick Leader was one of four papers in the Treaty City, along with the Munster 深夜亚洲福利久久, Limerick Echo and the unionist Limerick Chronicle, that shut their doors rather than submit to anti-Treatyite censorship during the Civil War following the rise of the 鈥楳unster Republic鈥�, when anti-Treatyites controlled much of the South of Ireland.[xxii]

The Limerick Leader similarly greeted the rebellion with shock, but it was firmer than most in its denunciation of the policy of executions. Editors echoed the Daily 深夜亚洲福利久久鈥� hope 鈥渢hat we have now heard the last of the death penalty, not merely on the grounds of humanity but as a matter of policy, and says that anything resembling 鈥榓 reign of terror鈥� (emphasised by the Leader) would be the gravest mistake.[xx] The paper鈥檚 sympathies lay with the rebels and its coverage was quite obviously affected by emotive incidents such as Joseph Plunkett鈥檚 鈥榙oomed鈥� marriage to Grace Gifford.[xxi] 

Eastern Promises

The intensification of censorship by the British Administration in Ireland in the aftermath of the Easter Rising 1916 quickly became apparent. It was exemplified by the experience of Margaret Matthews, part owner of Louth鈥檚 Dundalk Examiner, 鈥渁 disloyal local paper鈥�, who was prosecuted under sections 27 and 43 of the Defence Of the Realm Act. Her crime? Displaying two copies of Amhr谩in na Bhfiann, set to music, in her stationary shop, in September 1917.[xxiii]

In neighbouring Meath, the Thomas Daly-published Meath Chronicle was ostensibly Redmondite in its politics, like the vast majority of the mainstream nationalist press. Prophetically, the paper carried an advertisement for William Butler Yeats and Lady Gregory鈥檚 Cathleen N铆 Houlihan at the Market House, Athboy. Highly nationalistic in nature, the play that would make the poet later query 鈥淒id that play of mine send out / Certain men the English shot?鈥漑xxiv] Of course, C.S. 鈥楾odd鈥� Andrews later quipped that 鈥淵eats certainly flattered himself in thinking that anything he ever wrote or did might have sent anyone out to die.鈥漑xxv] The Chronicle was much akin to the Kilkenny People, for example, as both were critical of both the British Coalition Cabinet and the 鈥渢ragic blunder鈥� that was the Rising itself.[xxvi]

What set the Chronicle apart from many of its contemporaries, however, was the marked religious character of its content. On 13 May, the Chronicle copied a disapproving piece on the Rising from leading English Catholic journal The Catholic Times.[xxvii] Nevertheless, the paper was stung by 鈥渢he undue severity of the military tribunals in Dublin鈥� and joined in the chorus of protest, now amounting to a cacophony of discontent, against the executions.[xxviii] Editorialising on 20 May that 鈥淚n all its history perhaps at no time has the Irish Parliamentary Party had a greater responsibility than to-day,鈥� the Chronicle too soon moved beyond Redmondite politics.[xxix] Hugh Oram notes that:

鈥淭丑别&苍产蝉辫;Meath Chronicle was similarly outspoken: after 1916, it called repeatedly for full independence for Ireland. It suffered the same fate as the Clare Champion, in the same year, 1918. Its printing factory at Newmarket Street, Kells, was raided and pieces of the press were taken away, but the paper soon reappeared. The first issue after the 鈥榖an鈥� apologised for the first failure to appear since the paper was founded twenty-one years previously and took a few sideswipes at the authorities.鈥漑xxx]

One of the more forgettable causes of such suppression was when the Meath Chronicle accidentally implicated themselves having circulated seditious leaflets with typescript stating that they had been printed at the Chronicle鈥檚 offices in Navan and Kells![xxxi] While the Chronicle was guilty of this Freudian slip, there appear to be certain steadfast truths that never waver, as exemplified by the Kilkenny People鈥檚 GAA correspondent. Following the 1916 County Final between Tullaroan and Dicksboro, the People鈥檚 hurling scribe proclaimed that 鈥淚f there is one thing more than another that last Sunday鈥檚 match has proved beyond a shadow of a doubt, it is that we have in the county an abundance of hurling material of the first order.鈥漑xxxii] While consistent on the pitch, the county鈥檚 politics were thrown into a state of flux by the Rising.

A Redmondite journal supportive of the Great War effort, the People was more independent-minded than other Irish Parliamentary Party organs and engaged in open criticism of the British Wartime Coalition Cabinet and their failure to enact the Home Rule Bill.[xxxiii] The Kilkenny People was founded in 1892 by former lord mayor P.J. O鈥橩eefe and E.T. Keane, who also served as the paper鈥檚 unflappable editor. The advanced nationalism of the People served as a counter-weight to the unionist Kilkenny Moderator and conservative nationalist Kilkenny Journal.[xxxiv] In the aftermath of the Rising, the paper鈥檚 editorial, 鈥楾he Voice of the People,鈥� was emotionally charged but aimed for balance, critiquing both the 鈥渉opeless鈥� endeavour in Dublin and the British government for tolerating the formation of the U.V.F., which 鈥渇ired a fuse which has resulted in this most appalling calamity.鈥漑xxxv] Agitated by the imposition of martial law, the People soon began to side with the insurgents, carrying pieces that alluded to the rebels good conduct in combat and criticised 鈥渢he extra special dose of martial law鈥� prescribed for Kilkenny, despite its relative calm during the insurrection. 鈥楾he Voice of the People鈥� queried 鈥淧erhaps the 鈥榩owers that be鈥� considered that 鈥榣ike a dog and a greenwood tree, the more they beat us the better we鈥檒l be鈥�.鈥漑xxxvi] Rather than be cowed, the dog (or rather, the cat) bit back.

The counter-productive imposition of martial law, as far as the Kilkenny People was concerned, was mirrored by the conduction of state censorship.

Representatives from the People complained to Decies that content concerning the reading of a letter by an interned Sinn F茅in supporter at a local meeting was cut from the proofs of the Kilkenny People, but allowed to appear in both the Kilkenny Moderator and Kilkenny Journal. Decies replied rather incongruously that while the Editor of the People was 鈥減laced at a disadvantage with other papers,鈥� the editor 鈥渕ay congratulate himself that by his actions he avoids any breach of the Defence of the Realm Regulations.鈥� Decies concluded this letter by suggesting that both the Kilkenny Journal and Kilkenny Moderator would have to 鈥渁nswer for their actions,鈥� threats that were not followed up on. [xxxvii] Shifting it鈥檚 support to Sinn F茅in, the suppression of the Kilkenny People earlier in 1917, ordered by Decies in an effort to make an example of the quarrelsome broadsheet, was viewed by some to effectively launch W.T. Cosgrave鈥檚 successful campaign for the vacant House of Commons seat in the Kilkenny by-election, and apparently De Valera鈥檚 nomination of Cosgrave took place in the newspaper鈥檚 offices.[xxxviii]

Cosgrave would eventually rise to the highest post in the country following the assassination of Michael Collins during the Civil War. Years prior, Frank Geary served as the People鈥檚 chief news reporter, ultimately leaving for the Irish Independent. During the Civil War, the courageous Geary was the only national daily newspaper reporter left in Cork City following the amphibious landing of Free State troops who began an assault against retreating Anti-Treaty combatants. These combatants destroyed the offices of the Cork Examiner and Cork Constitution before evacuating, delaying the passage of the paper into Free State hands, making Geary鈥檚 account for the Independent invaluable.[xxxix] Geary recalled that the Fall of Cork 鈥渉as easily beaten anything I have experienced from the point of view of thrilling and dangerous experiences.鈥漑xl]

^{Street scene in Enniscorthy, Wexford, during the 1916 Rising. Picture: Irish Examiner Archives.}

The staff of The Enniscorthy Echo were themselves no strangers to danger. The paper began publication in 1902 under the editorship of William Sears and continued to advocate the ideal of an Irish Ireland throughout the revolutionary period. Angela Bourke notes that as editor Sears celebrated 鈥渁ll that could be celebrated locally, heaping scorn on the British administration in Ireland, the police and the Irish Parliamentary Party, and raising readers鈥� consciousness about nationalism and women鈥檚 issues.鈥漑xli] Indeed, the Echo was one of the few openly Sinn F茅in papers pre-Rising. Owned and edited by Sears, S茅an Etchingham was also employed by the paper, working as a columnist. Noted for his 鈥渟trongly pro-labour鈥� viewpoint, Etchingham was one of several Echo employees who participated in the skirmishes in Enniscorthy as Easter and was interned after the Rising.[xlii]

Indeed, such was the advanced nationalist nature of the Echo鈥檚 content that Military Intelligence Officer Major Ivor Price had the staff鈥檚 mail censored in 1915. Price鈥檚 decision was more than justified: in April 1915 Laurence De Lacey, the paper鈥檚 assistant editor was arrested, along with his house guest Se谩n O鈥橦egarty, a man to later emerge as a leader within the Cork IRA, for possession of explosives.[xliii] Furthermore, Dick King, a clerk attached to the staff of the Echo, was a signatory to Enniscorthy鈥檚 proclamation of 1916.[xliv] Also included amongst the staff of the Echo was one Robert 鈥楤ob鈥� Brennan. This former GAA Correspondent later served as the D谩il鈥檚 Under-Secretary of Foreign Affairs and worked on the Irish Bulletin. He was later appointed Irish Emissary to Washington D.C. Brennan鈥檚 wife, Una contributed pieces to the Echo and was one of the few female journalists working at this time.[xlv] The Brennan鈥檚 daughter, Maeve, enjoyed fame later as a fiction writer and diarist with the renowned New Yorker magazine and is alleged to have provided the template for her colleague Truman Capote鈥檚 Holly Golightly character in Breakfast at Tiffany鈥檚.[xlvi]

In Conclusion

In the aftermath of the Rising the Unionist journalist Warren B Wells wrote that the impact of the execution policy on the Irish national psyche was akin to 鈥渢he feeling of helpless rage with which one would watch a stream of blood dripping from under a closed door.鈥� This stream was, however, slow: increasing incrementally, day-by-day in the national daily press, as more names and more heartbreak cast a gloom over breakfast tables throughout the country, and cause and conduct were dissected in the weekly regional and local papers.

Emerging from the wreckage of the Rising, horrified, traumatised and ultimately inspired, many turned to the Press, whose sympathies clearly lay with the rebels, following an interim period of digestion. This sympathy was encouraged by counter-productive state censorship which served to further agitate an increasingly hostile press. This wearisome exercise in public opinion being dismissed by the British Administration was repeated that August following the hanging of Sir Roger Casement.[xlvii] In the subsequent years of revolution and political upheaval the Fourth Estate continued to play a pivotal role in dissecting these events, propelled by the committed and dynamic individuals working for these newspapers.

Sources

[i] Mayo 深夜亚洲福利久久, 6 May 1916, p. 5; Lee, J.J., Ireland 1912-1985: Politics and Society, Cambridge 深夜亚洲福利久久 Press, Cambridge, 2006, p. 29

[ii] Laffan, The Resurrection of Ireland, p. 54

[iii] Colonial Office 904/166/89, Report on Censorship 1st September to September 30th, 1917, British in Ireland Series, Microfilm, Special Collections, Boole Library ; Jones, Siobhan, 鈥淪outhern Irish Unionism鈥�, PhD Thesis, 深夜亚洲福利久久 College Cork, September 2005, p.196 and Laffan, Michael, The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn F茅in Party 1916-1923, Cambridge 深夜亚洲福利久久 Press, Cambridge, 2005, p. 47

[iv] CO 904/167/90, Report on Censorship July 1st to July 31st 1918

[v] Oram, Hugh, The 深夜亚洲福利久久paper Book: A history of newspapers in Ireland, 1649-1983, MO Books, Dublin, 1983, p. 133

[vi] Connacht Tribune, 22 April 1916, p. 3-5

[vii, viii] Connacht Tribune, 29 April 1916, p. 3, 5.

[ix] Connacht Tribune, 13 May 1916, p. 2

[x] Oram, Hugh, Paper Tigers: Stories of Irish 深夜亚洲福利久久papers By The People Who Make Them, The Appletree Press, Belfast, 1993, pp. 108-9

[xi] The Derry People and Donegal 深夜亚洲福利久久, 22 April 1916, p. 3; 29 April 1916, p. 8

[xiii] FIN/1/2340, Department of Finance:  Government advertisements: applications from newspapers for Government advertisements, also list of Irish newspapers pro- and anti-Government, National Archives of Ireland

[xiv] The Kerryman, 22 April 1916, p. 5 and p. 7

[xv] The Kerryman, 13 May 1916, p. 3

[xvi] War Office 35/69/6. Publication of seditious articles in the Cork Constitution, Cork Examiner, Cork Free Press, Cork Weekly 深夜亚洲福利久久, Midland Reporter and Southern Star. Proposed seizure of The Irishmen and seizure of type and plant of Liberator and Kerryman, War Office Files, UK National Archives, Kew, Surrey; Oram, The 深夜亚洲福利久久paper Book, p. 130

[xvii] Oram, The 深夜亚洲福利久久paper Book, p. 130

[xviii] Crean, Tom 鈥淔rom Petrograd to Bruree,鈥� in Fitzpatrick, David, (ed.), Revolution? Ireland 1917-1923, Trinity History Workshop, Dublin, 1990, p. 148

[xix] Oram, The 深夜亚洲福利久久paper Book, pp. 145-6

[xx] Limerick Leader, 8 May 1916, p. 4

[xxi] Limerick Leader, 8 May 1916, p. 5

[xxii] FIN/1/1175, National Archives of Ireland

[xxiii] WO 35/97/41, UK National Archives

[xxiv] Meath Chronicle, 22 April 1916, p. 1; Yeats, W.B., 鈥淢an and the Echo鈥�

[xxv] Andrews, C.S., Dublin Made Me: An Autobiography, The Mercier Press, Dublin, 1979, p. 92

[xxvi] Meath Chronicle, 22 April 1916, p.5; 6 May 1916, p. 5

[xxvii] Meath Chronicle, 13 May 1916, p. 2

[xxviii] Meath Chronicle, 13 May 1916, p. 5; 20 May 1916, p. 2

[xxix] Meath Chronicle, 20 May 1916, p. 5

[xxx] Oram, The 深夜亚洲福利久久paper Book, p. 133

[xxxi] See WO 35/102/8: Army of Ireland: Administrative and Easter Rising records. Irish Situation, 1914-1922, UK National Archives. Colonel Stanton of the Parkgate Press Censorship office judged that there was insufficient evidence to connect the Strokestown Democrat with the printing of seditious leaflets. However, if the paper printed inflammatory articles, the question of seizing the plant鈥檚 printing presses could be revisited. See WO 35/97/41

[xxxii] Kilkenny People, 4 March 1916, p. 2

[xxxiii] See, for example, Kilkenny People, 3 March 1916, p.5; 22 April 1916, p. 5

[xxxiv] Oram, Paper Tigers, pp.34-5

[xxxv] Kilkenny People, 29 April 1916, p. 5

[xxxvi] Kilkenny People, 13 May 1916, p. 5; 20 May 1916, p.3 and 20 May 1916, p. 5

[xxxvii] CO 904/160/6. Letter from J. Lanigan, solicitor for the Kilkenny People to Lord Decies, dated 5 July 1918 and letter from Lord Decies to Lanigan, dated 6 July 1918.

[xxxviii] Martin, Peter, Censorship in Two Irelands, pp. 9-11; Laffan, The Resurrection of Ireland, p. 113. See Oram, The 深夜亚洲福利久久paper Book, p. 131

[xxxix] For the destruction of the Examiner and Constitution, see McCarthy, Alan, 鈥淭he censorship and suppression of Cork鈥檚 nationalist and loyalist newspapers during the Irish Revolution, 1916-1923,鈥� The Boolean, Vol. 5, 2015

[xl] Horgan, John, (ed.), Great Irish Reportage, Penguin Ireland, Dublin, 2013, pp. 1-14. Original Source Irish Independent, 12 August 1922

[xli] Burke, Angela, Maeve Brennan: Homesick at 鈥楾he New Yorker鈥�, Jonathan Cape, London, 2004, p. 37

[xlii] Maume, The Long Gestation: Irish Nationalist Life 1891-1918, Gill & Macmillan, 1999, p. 89, 228; Townshend, Easter 1916,  pp. 240-2

[xliii] Girvin, Kevin, Se谩n O鈥橦egarty: Officer Commanding, First Cork Brigade, Irish Republican Army, Aubane Historical Society, Millstreet, 2007, pp.51-2; Liam De R贸iste Diaries, Cork City and County Archives, U271/A/17, 12.01.1915-06.07.1915, 7 April, p. 152

[xliv] Oram, The 深夜亚洲福利久久paper Book, p. 130

[xlv] Fitzpatrick, David, Harry Boland鈥檚 Irish Revolution, Cork 深夜亚洲福利久久 Press, Cork, 2003, p. 78, 168-9 and 219; Burke, Maeve Brennan, pp. 16-18, 51

[xlvi] See Burke, Maeve Brennan

[xlvii] O鈥橫alley, Ernie, On Another Man鈥檚 Wound, Mercier Press, Cork, 2002, pp. 51-2