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The first four sections of this chapter present the experimental evidence for atomic theory and show how the theory was developed over the early years of the 20th century.  Central to this development was the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom; this was a semiclassical theory in the sense that the model comprised basic ideas from classical dynamics and electromagnetism with some quantum mechanical concepts added in an ad hoc manner.  Starting with Section 24.5, a more formal quantum mechanical treatment of the one-electron aton is introduced.  For this purpose the one-dimensional quantum mechanics of Chaper 14, in particular the time-independent Schrodinger equation, has to be extended to three-dimensions.  In this case, electron probability densities (and hence charge densities) are seen to be smeared out distributions in three dimensional space. Atomic theory is further developed by taking factors such as quantisation of angular momentum, the existence of electron spin and spin-orbit interactions into consideration.

The later sections of this chaper deal with atoms comprising more than one electron. The indistinguishability of identical particles is shown to give rise to the Pauli exclusion principle which enables many features of multielectron atoms to be understood, including the main features of the periodic table and many of the physical and chemical properties of elements.

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Click on link below to open a downloadable pdf file of the Problems for this Chapter.

Chapter 24 problems.pdf

Answers to Chapter 24 problems